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Apple Cinnamon Scones – Sally’s Baking Addiction

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Apple Cinnamon Scones – Sally’s Baking Addiction


These deliciously spiced apple cinnamon scones are a quintessential fall treat, perfect with a warm cup of tea. They’re buttery soft with flaky centers, crisp-crumbly edges, and loaded with bits of sweet-tart juicy apples. Crunchy coarse sugar and caramel sauce are the perfect finishing touches!

I originally published this recipe in 2015 and have since added new photos and a few more success tips.

Apple Cinnamon Scones – Sally’s Baking Addiction

I learned how to make absolutely delicious scones 10 years ago when I attended a cooking event in a test kitchen. Turns out that I had been making all the wrong scones up until that point! Since that fateful afternoon, I’ve perfected chocolate chip scones, blueberry scones, and even ham & cheese scones.

I use the same basic recipe for each flavor and you can find that base recipe here: scones recipe. It’s my trusted formula to produce the tastiest scones. Readers have loved it for years.

One reader, Lindsey, commented: “I’ve made a lot of different scones (including your basic scone recipe, which is also excellent!) and these are by far the most requested! The homemade salted caramel is also 100% worth the effort. My MIL loved it so much, she just eats it by the spoonful. Excellent recipe! ★★★★★

apple cinnamon scone on plate with caramel sauce on top.

Today we’re making apple cinnamon scones, a top choice year round, and especially when the fall season arrives. Here’s why you’ll love them, too:

  • Sweet crisp-crumbly edges
  • Soft and moist yet flaky centers
  • Crunchy golden brown exterior
  • Cinnamon & brown sugar flavors
  • An overflow of juicy apples
  • Drizzles of salted caramel on top—just how we like our apple turnovers, too!

Grab These Ingredients:

ingredients on white wooden backdrop including flour, butter, heavy cream, apple, brown sugar, and egg.

Here’s how all of the ingredients work together to make these scones a delightful success:

  1. Flour: 2 cups of all-purpose flour is my standard amount for homemade scones, but set aside some extra for the work surface and your hands.
  2. Brown Sugar: I use either white granulated or brown sugar in my scone dough—it depends on the add-ins. I love brown sugar with apples. Stick with about 1/2 cup. Feel free to slightly decrease, but keep in mind that the scone flavor and texture will slightly change.
  3. Baking Powder: Adds lift.
  4. Salt, Cinnamon, & Vanilla Extract: These 3 ingredients add flavor.
  5. Frozen Butter: Besides flour, cold butter is the main ingredient in apple scones. It adds flavor, flakiness, crisp edges, and rise.
  6. Heavy Cream: For the best-tasting pastries, stick with a thick liquid such as heavy cream or whole milk buttermilk. For a nondairy option, try using full-fat canned coconut milk. Avoid thinner liquids such as milk or almond milk—the result is often dry, bland, and flat scones.
  7. Egg: Adds flavor, lift, and structure.
  8. Apples: Use your favorite apple variety. I love Granny Smith, Honeycrisp, or Fuji here. Whatever kind of apples you enjoy in your apple pie or apple cobbler, you’ll enjoy here.

Frozen Grated Butter

I’ve learned that frozen grated butter is key to scone success.

Like when we make pie crust, work the cold butter into the dry ingredients. The cold butter coats the flour. When the buttery flour crumbs melt as the scones bake, they release steam, which creates pockets of air. These pockets add a flaky center, while keeping the edges crumbly and crisp. Refrigerated butter might melt in the dough as you work it, but frozen butter will hold out until the oven. Timing is KEY! And the finer the pieces of cold butter, the less the scones spread and the quicker the butter mixes into the dry ingredients. Remember, you don’t want to over-work scone dough.

I recommend grating the frozen butter with a box grater.

In Photos: How to Make Apple Cinnamon Scones

Because there’s no yeast, these apple cinnamon scones go from the mixing bowl to the oven relatively quickly. First, mix the dry ingredients together. Second, cut shredded butter into the dry ingredients. You can use a pastry cutter, 2 forks, or your hands for this step. A food processor works too. To avoid overly dense scones, work the dough as little as possible. I always use a pastry cutter.

hands cutting in butter into dry ingredients and shown again with measuring cups.hands cutting in butter into dry ingredients and shown again with measuring cups.

Next, whisk the wet ingredients together. Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients, add the apples, then gently mix together.

hands mixing dough with apples in it.hands mixing dough with apples in it.

Form the dough into a disc, then cut into 8 wedges.

hands shaping dough and dough shown again cut into wedges.hands shaping dough and dough shown again cut into wedges.

To obtain a flaky center and a crumbly exterior, scone dough must remain cold. Cold dough won’t over-spread, either. Therefore, I highly recommend refrigerating the shaped scones for at least 15 minutes prior to baking. You can even refrigerate overnight for a quick breakfast in the morning.

Before baking, brush the scones with heavy cream and sprinkle with coarse sugar. These extras add a lovely golden sheen with a bakery-style crunch. After that, bake the scones until golden brown.

shaped scones on lined baking sheet and shown again with cream being brushed on top.shaped scones on lined baking sheet and shown again with cream being brushed on top.
apple scones on platter with apples and tea around it.apple scones on platter with apples and tea around it.

The scones are INCREDIBLE right out of the oven, but taste even better with salted caramel on top. 🙂 What doesn’t?!

Other topping options: You can certainly keep the scones plain or dust with confectioners’ sugar. Or try the maple icing from these maple brown sugar cookies, the brown butter icing from these pumpkin oatmeal cookies, or simply vanilla icing.

apple cinnamon scone on plate with caramel sauce on top.apple cinnamon scone on plate with caramel sauce on top.

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apple cinnamon scone on plate with caramel sauce on top.apple cinnamon scone on plate with caramel sauce on top.

Apple Cinnamon Scones with Caramel

5 Stars 4 Stars 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Star
4.8 from 30 reviews


  • Author:
    Sally


  • Prep Time:
    30 minutes


  • Cook Time:
    25 minutes


  • Total Time:
    1 hour


  • Yield:
    8 scones


  • Category:
    Breakfast


  • Method:
    Baking


  • Cuisine:
    American


Description

These apple cinnamon scones are buttery and moist with crisp-crumbly edges and soft flaky centers. Crunchy coarse sugar and salted caramel are the perfect finishing touches. Read through the recipe before beginning. Refrigerate the shaped scones for at least 15 minutes before baking, to help prevent the scones from over-spreading.



Instructions

  1. Whisk flour, baking powder, cinnamon, and salt together in a large bowl. Grate the frozen butter using a box grater. Add it to the flour mixture and combine with a pastry cutter, two forks, or your fingers until the mixture comes together in pea-sized crumbs. Place in the refrigerator or freezer as you mix the wet ingredients together.
  2. Whisk 1/2 cup heavy cream, the egg, brown sugar, and vanilla extract together in a small bowl. Drizzle over the flour mixture, add the apples, then mix together until everything appears moistened.
  3. Lightly dust a work surface with flour. Pour the dough mixture on top and, with floured hands, work dough into a ball as best you can. Dough will be sticky. If it’s too sticky, add a little more flour. If it seems too dry, add 1 more Tablespoon of heavy cream. Press into an 8-inch disc and, with a sharp knife or bench scraper, cut into 8 wedges.
  4. Brush scones with remaining heavy cream and if desired for extra crunch, sprinkle with coarse sugar. (You can do this before or after refrigerating in the next step.)
  5. Place scones on a plate or lined baking sheet (if your refrigerator has space!) and refrigerate the shaped scones for at least 15 minutes and up to 1 day.
  6. Meanwhile, preheat the oven to 400°F (204°C).
  7. Line a large baking sheet with parchment paper or silicone baking mat. After refrigerating, arrange scones 2–3 inches apart on the prepared baking sheet(s).
  8. Bake for 22–25 minutes or until golden brown around the edges and lightly browned on top. Remove from the oven and cool for a few minutes before topping with optional caramel sauce.
  9. Leftover scones keep well at room temperature for up to 2 days or in the refrigerator for up to 5 days.


Notes

  1. Freeze Before Baking: Freeze scone dough wedges on a plate or baking sheet for 1 hour. Once relatively frozen, you can layer them in a freezer-friendly bag or container. Bake from frozen, adding a few minutes to the bake time. Or thaw overnight, then bake as directed.
  2. Freeze After Baking: Freeze the baked and cooled scones before topping with caramel. I usually freeze in a freezer-friendly bag or container. To thaw, leave out on the counter for a few hours or overnight in the refrigerator. Warm in the microwave for 30 seconds or on a baking sheet in a 300°F (149°C) oven for 10 minutes.
  3. Overnight Instructions: Prepare scones through step 5. Cover and refrigerate overnight. Continue with the recipe the following day.
  4. Special Tools (affiliate links): Glass Mixing Bowl | Whisk | Box Grater | Pastry Cutter | Silicone Spatula | Bench ScraperBrush | Baking Sheet | Silicone Baking Mat or Parchment Paper | Coarse Sugar
  5. Over-spreading: Start with very cold scone dough. Expect some spread, but if the scones are over-spreading as they bake, remove from the oven and press back into triangle shape (or whatever shape) using a silicone spatula.
  6. Apples: I say 1 “heaping” cup because this amount does not need to be terribly accurate. Anything from 1 cup to 1 and 1/4 cups works. Don’t use too much or else the scones won’t hold their shape.
  7. Caramel Sauce: If using my homemade caramel sauce, please keep in mind this is a salted caramel. For a sweeter caramel, reduce salt to 1/2 teaspoon. You can make the caramel sauce in advance—see make-ahead tip in the caramel recipe.



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Fuel price hike in 1st week of October: Diesel up by 90¢, gasoline by 45¢

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Fuel price hike in 1st week of October: Diesel up by 90¢, gasoline by 45¢


Fuel price hike in 1st week of October: Diesel up by 90¢, gasoline by 45¢

Motorists lined up to fill up their tanks at a gas station in Cebu City. | Photo by Carl Lorenciana

Motorists will face higher fuel prices in the first week of October, with oil companies raising prices by up to 90 centavos per liter.

According to Cleanfuel and Shell Pilipinas, diesel prices will go up by 90 centavos, while gasoline will increase by 45 centavos per liter.

Kerosene prices will also inch up by 30 centavos a liter.This marks the second consecutive week of increases.

READ: Fuel prices to increase up to P1.10 a liter starting September 24

Rodela Romero, director of the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oil Industry Management Bureau, said the upward adjustments could be attributed to the supply “uncertainty” due to worsening conflict in the Middle East. The Chinese government’s move to boost its economy is also seen to offset weak demand in Europe.

“US crude inventory draw is a bullish signal indicating tightening global supplies,” she added in an earlier statement.



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Public Protests Around The World — Global Issues

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Public Protests Around The World — Global Issues


The large protests at the WTO meetings, at IMF, World Bank, G8 and other such summits that are seen today have typically been against the current forms of globalization and the marginalization it is causing, as well as the increasing disparities between the rich and the poor that it has predictably led to. These issues have motivated people all over the world to protest in many ways.

A few G8, WTO and other summits since have also received mainstream attention.

These protests, directed at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/World Bank, the FTAA and the G8 respectively, were all protests at the effects of the current forms of globalization which go along the lines of a neoliberal/corporate capitalism ideology (which, as suggested elsewhere on this site, is more of the mercantilist/imperialist policy of wealth appropriation that has continued throughout history.)

While protests have been aimed at different international bodies and blocs, the underlying themes are similar, while the actual themes of the protests have been different. For example:

It is ironic then, that in many countries, leaders, elected through processes of democracy (themselves often painful, trying and hard-won) have been turning against protestors, via pressure from the aristocracy of that nation and from international (western) financial institutions that are the target of the protests and criticisms. As protests increase, it is harder for elected leaders to hide behind their claims of being elected, if they are not fulfilling their promises, or turning out not to support their people via their policies:

Mainstream Media Portrayal

The mainstream media portrayal by many western nations, notably the US, has been very biased. Being corporate-owned, and because protestors are voicing concerns over the current form of globalization, which is seen as overly corporate-friendly without appropriate considerations for people, this bias can be seen as quite obvious. However, most people get their views and news from mainstream media, from what are regarded as respectable news sources and hence it makes it difficult for additional views and perspectives to be heard, thereby contributing to the on-going process.

Protests Have Occurred All Over The World

[T]his new movement, portrayed by the media as students and anarchists from the rich and prosperous global north, is just the tip of the iceberg. In the global south, a far deeper and wide-ranging movement has been developing for years, largely ignored by the media.

Jessica Woodroffe and Mark Ellis-Jones, States of unrest: Resistance to IMF policies in poor countries, World Development Movement.

Some mainstream media representation may leave the impression that the recent public protests in D.C., Seattle, Prague and other western cities are recent issues, or that these are the only protests, and that only a few are protesting. In fact, Seattle and D.C. protests were international protests in their composition. The mainstream avoided in-depth issues of developing nations in Seattle, for example, while they concentrated on sensationalism.

Both before (long before in many cases, especially if we include the centuries and decades of opposition to imperialist and colonial globalization) and since Seattle, millions of people around the world have turned up in waves of protests at various IMF, World Bank, WTO meetings or policies in various nations. Repression has been equally brutal and sometimes worse. For example there have been protests in:

  • Angola
    • January 2001 and August 2001 saw national strikes resulting from IMF-prescribed adjustment policies
    • October and December 2002 saw similar protests
  • Argentina
    • Up to 80,000 protested against the IMF, in May 2000.
    • Over 7.2 million workers support a 24 hour general strike in defiance of the new IMF-prescribed labour laws, June 2000.
    • July and August 2001 saw at least 100,000 people protest at further IMF-related measures that would lead to large pay cuts.
    • December 2001, saw two days of violent protests at further austerity measures, and economic meltdown that brought down the government. 16 people are said to have been killed. (See also report from Radio Netherlands).
    • Protests, both peaceful and violent continued throughout 2002
  • Australia
    • During the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, there have been various protests to do with globalization issues.
    • September 11, 2000 saw from 10,000 to 30,000 protestors in Melbourne at the World Economic Forum. There were subsequent protests on other days with turnouts in the mid thousands.
    • A wave of protests have started at different events related to aspects of current forms of globalization
  • Bangladesh
  • Belgium
  • Benin
  • Bolivia (protests in April 2000 led to some bizarre media coverage.)
  • Brazil
    • As reported by the World Development Movement (WDM), [a] referendum asking whether Brazil should discontinue IMF reforms is backed by more than a million people. Organised by the National Council of Bishops and Jubilee 2000, the unofficial referendum is a marked success.
    • The WDM report continues, that on 7 September [2000], to mark the end of six days of voting and Brazil’s Independence Day, a demonstration draws thousands of protesters under the banner of Cry of the Excluded. All the main cities in Brazil are crammed, say reports, with more than 100,000 people in Sao Paulo. The Government had previously called the [above-mentioned] referendum stupid and an isolated project undertaken by minorities. (emphasis added)
    • To coincide with the annual World Economic Forum meetings in Davos, Switzerland, where multinational corporations get to meet, and have access to world political leaders, Porto Alegre in Brazil, at the end of January 2001 saw a World Social Forum meeting attended by over 10,000 people. The goal was to discuss alternatives to the current forms of globalization.
    • February 2002 saw even more than 2001, with some 51,000 people turning up at Porto Alegre.
    • July 2001 saw police themselves protest and strike for over 12 days in some regions. Troops were deployed from a resulting breakdown of law and order. Some 30 people were killed.
  • Canada, Quebec was the center for protests on the Free Trade of the Americas. It represented protests from throughout the Americas. (See this site’s section on the FTAA for more.)
  • Colombia
    • August 2000 saw 15,000 workers go on protest and strike regarding IMF’s loan conditions requiring further opening up of the economy and cutting back on social provisions and jobs.
    • In August 2001, thousands of small farmers across the country protest at impact of food imports and lack of help from government.
    • Throughout 2002 there were protests at changes resulting from IMF prescriptions.
  • Costa Rica in March 2000, 10,000 people protested at IMF-prescribed policies of privatization, and faced police brutality in the process.
  • Czech Republic (World Bank and IMF meetings in Prague, end of September, 2000)
    • Estimates vary from 20,000 protestors expected to perhaps 50,000 that actually turned out.
    • As with other places, heavy security response and police brutality was in effect, as predicted.
    • Protests in other regions of the world coincided with this — for example, in the U.S. in all 50 states, there were protests — not that the mainstream media would have described it in much detail.
    • The Prague protests disrupted the IMF and World Bank meetings enough to end the meetings a day early.
    • The Prague IndyMedia Center has much more detail.
  • Ecuador
    • Marches at the beginning of 2000, saw over 40,000 indigenous people protesting US and IMF-prescribed reforms (resulting in 35,000 military personnel and police being deployed).
    • 10,000 protested, also in January, at the fear of dollarization of their economy (which became reality in September, 2000)
    • There was even a coup attempt that month.
    • Numerous strikes, protests and uprisings occurred throughout the first half of 2000 due to IMF reforms. Numbers were in the tens of thousands. (On one occasion, 30,000 doctors were part of a protest).
    • The dollarization and other US/IMF-prescribed policies have left many problems in their wake and protests etc are sure to continue.
    • The above-mentioned WDM report provides more detail for 2000, as well as their 2001 report.
    • In February 2001, a state of emergency was declared amidst enormous indigenous uprising demanding an end to violence and a repeal of economic policies which have brought the country to the brink of destruction.
    • Protests at the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) resulted in tens of thousands of protestors from around Latin America, and in a somewhat bizarre turn of events, after initial police crackdown and violence, some police turned around to support protestors calls to have delegates hear them.
    • In 2002 the IMF withheld new credit to Ecuador because it decided that just 10 percent of oil revenues would go towards health and education, after public pressure.
  • El Salvador saw a four-month strike by the Social Security Union at impacts of IMF-backed privatization plans of the country’s health service, including protests by some 12,000 doctors and workers, as reported by WDM.
  • France has seen many, many protests related to globalization in the past years. More recently, during the G8 Summit in the spa town of Evian, an estimated 100,000 protesters gathered between June 1 and 3, 2003.
  • Germany
  • Hawaii in May 2001, saw thousands protest at the Asia Development Bank and its policies, similar to those of the World Bank and IMF.
  • Honduras. Numerous IMF-prescribed cut backs and privatizations policies have been protested against. For example:
    • In August 2000, thousands of civil servants went on strike for 24 hours disrupting education, transport and health services. The strikers were opposing plans by the administration of President Carlos Flores to privatize the electricity, telecommunications and social security sectors as required by the International Monetary Fund.
    • In March 2002 around 2,000 protested against IMF neoliberal policies, and November 2002 saw more protests.
  • India
    • November 30, 1999
    • There were some instances in 2000 where there were forced and violent attempts to stop protestors gathering or forming.
    • More than a million electricity workers protested for a day in December 2000 against a proposed bill that follows World Bank prescriptions to privatize the power sector in India.
    • Bhopal in January 2001 saw 150 people were arrested in Bhopal while marching against World Bank and Asian Development Bank policies.
    • A WDM report, mentioned above reports that in July 2001 Ten million state employees go on general strike against privatisation plans and call for a halt to IMF, World Bank and WTO policies. A union spokesperson said that the Government policy of backing globalisation is selling the country to the multinational companies and foreign interests, adding that: This will serve as a warning to the Government against their anti-worker polices.
    • WMD also reported that many protests occured in 2002 as well.
    • Some 15,000 people attended an Asian Social Forum, in Hyderbad. It was a gathering of various movements, NGOs and activists to discuss various issues, at the beginning of January, 2003.
  • Indonesia has suffered badly from the global financial crisis that hit in 1997. Since then, there have been numerous protests, both peaceful and violent, many times.
  • Italy has seen numerous protests, including
    • Naples saw 20,000 protestors in March 18th, 2001.
    • May Day parades in 2001
    • The G8 Summit in 2001, Genoa, saw many protestors turn up. At least one demonstrator was killed by violent police crackdown. Estimates vary from 100,000 to 200,000 protestors.
    • Some 2 million protested in Rome, March 23, 2002, for what was initially a labor-based movement and protest but grew to include a protest against political violence as well.
  • Kenya has seen many protests on IMF conditionalities.
  • Malawi too has seen protests on IMF conditions, that have encouraged keeping wages down and suggested making public sector access more attractive to potential buyers.
  • Mexico has seen numerous protests not limited to the following which are just examples:
    • At first sounding more like local protests, but actually have a more global aspect to it is, the struggle of the Zapatistas in Chiapas. While fighting for their indigenous rights (against military crackdowns which human rights groups have heavily criticized), they have seen the effects of the current form of globalization on them very sharply, as this translation from the leader of the Zapatista National Liberation Army shows.
    • August 8th 2001, saw thousands of farmers (approximately 5000) march in protest of free trade and globalization’s effects on them and destroying self sufficiency in food production, while instead growing food to be exported instead.
    • September 2001 saw Mexico City roads brought to a standstill by protests at tax-increases that burden the poor further.
  • Morocco saw general strikes by health care and education workers towards the end of 2001, at impacts of IMF adjustment policies. Strikes also happened in 2002 by workers in other sectors.
  • Mozambique saw protests in August 2001 at World Bank backed structuring programs.
  • Nepal saw protests in July 2001 at World Bank and Asia Development Bank backed policies
  • Nicaragua saw protests in March 2002 at utility privatisations and price hikes.
  • Nigera has seen many protests on the IMF austerity measures, and violent crackdown as well.
  • Pakistan has seen protests from what has been regarded as policies formulated by the dictates of the IMF and World Bank.
  • Papua New Guinea saw a week long protest in June 2001, with the death of at least 3 people and 13 injured. Protests were at IMF/World Bank austerity measures.
  • Paraguay has seen protests that have also been met with police violence. At least one person was killed by police in 2002, for example. IMF reforms are heavily criticized there.
  • Peru saw protests in March 2001 from as many as 5000 people protesting effects of a mining project operated by a US firm and the World Bank. 2002 saw many protests as well with at least one person killed as a result. While public concern and opposition to IMF policies was noted by the IMF itself, the IMF still encouraged continuation of their reform policies.
  • Philippines
  • Russia
  • South Africa
    • Numerous protests have occured, especially throughout 2000. The above-mentioned WDM report also mentions that One of the protesters, Trevor Ngwane, a city councillor from the Soweto township, says, Many of those debts were used to buy weapons and suppress the people during apartheid. So we are paying twice for it – once with our lives, and now with an inability to fund critical social services. Instead of building health clinics the Government is selling off zoos and libraries to stay in the good graces of the IMF.
    • In August 2001, the Congress of South African Trade Unions claimed over 5 million workers participated in strikes against privatization plans pushed forward by the IMF.
    • During the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, at the end of August 2002 to beginning of September, there were many protests each day, ranging from 15,000 to 40,000 people, on all sorts of issues related to globalization and development. (See also this site’s section on the World Summit for more on this and other issues.)
  • South Korea.
    • October 2000 has seen over 20,000 protest about globalization at an Asia Europe meeting.
    • May and June 2001 see 20,000 to 50,000 people protest at various restructuring plans encouraged by the IMF.
    • November 2001 also sees such protests at work conditions.
    • A nation-wide strike resulted when 31,000 metal workers and chemical employees staged a four-hour strike on May 22 2002. Workers demanded a shorter working week, improved working conditions, and an end to government crackdown on union activities. The strike was coordinated in response to the IMF’s announcement that it might upgrade its 5% economic growth prediction for the country.
    • Throughtout 2002, tens to hundreds of thousands protested at various service cut backs and other issues.
  • Spain
    • March 16, 2002 saw some 500,000 people protest in Barcelona against issues relating to corporatization and globalization in Europe.
  • Switzerland
    • At the Davos meeting in 2000 the mainstream media was urged to spread the message of free trade. Numerous protests and violence was seen.
    • At the beginning of 2001 similar events occured. However, in Brazil, to conincide with the World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, a World Social Summit has held, which didn’t get as much attention in the mainstream, but drew huge crowds from all over the world, (as mentioned above in the Brazil bullet point).
  • Taiwan
  • Thailand
  • Turkey
    • September 2000 saw protests where the IMF was pressing for higher energy prices, wage control and tax reform.
    • March 2001 saw thousands protest at government, IMF and World Bank bailout plans.
  • United Kingdom has seen many protests throughout the years, including the June 18 campaign (mentioned below), the protests on May Day, in 2001, etc.
  • United States has also seen many protests.
    • Some have made international news such as the Seattle protests against the WTO in 1999 and the Washington D.C. protests against the IMF and World Bank policies in 2000.
    • There have also been other protests throughout the various U.S. cities which have been less mentioned.
    • In February 2002, New York saw some 5,000 to 15,000 protestors converge on the World Economic Forum.
    • April 2002 saw more protests in D.C. against IMF and World Bank policies and U.S. militarism in the wake of the September 11, 2001 tragedy. Estimates range from 75,000 to 200,000 protestors. In contrast to the April 2000 violence, there was little in April 2002.
    • November 2003 saw tens of thousands protest at the Free Trade of the Americas Agreement (FTAA) in Miami. The police’s excessive use of force was highly controversial.
  • Uruguay saw the largest protests in a decade in 2003, when IMF imposed reforms saw the country’s economy go close to ruin.
  • Venezuela. On 27 February 1989, structural changes imposed by the IMF were followed by a popular uprising (the caracazo), but was put down with 4,000 dead.
  • Zambia. In 2002, as thousands faced food shortages, the IMF insisted on further cutbacks and denied vital loans until that happened.
  • Recent G8 Summits
  • The June 18 campaign in 1999 was another highly publicized event, with biased media reporting. This was another international protest, where many major cities in the world on the same day saw large protests. In fact, as this report shows, the June 18 protests occurred all over the world, including:
    • Argentina
    • Australia
    • Austria
    • Bangladesh
    • Basque country
    • Belarus
    • Brasil
    • Canada
    • Catalonia
    • Chile
    • Colombia
    • Czech republic
    • Finland
    • France
    • Germany
    • Greece
    • India
    • Indonesia
    • Israel
    • Italy
    • Malaysia
    • Malta
    • Mexico
    • Netherlands
    • Nepal
    • Nigeria
    • Pakistan
    • Poland
    • Portugal
    • Romania
    • Senegal
    • South Africa
    • South Korea
    • Spain
    • Sweden
    • Switzerland
    • Thailand
    • UK
    • Uruguay
    • USA
    • Zimbabwe

    Note that in many of these countries, the protests were in numerous cities.

  • May Day protests, 2001 saw many May Day protests around the world, as the previous link from the Guardian, and their interactive guide reports:
    • Australia
    • Canada
    • China
    • Cuba
    • France
    • Germany
    • Indonesia
    • Italy
    • New Zealand
    • Poland
    • Portugal
    • Russia
    • South Korea
    • Spain
    • Sweden
    • Switzerland
    • United States of America

    Note that in many of these countries, the protests were in numerous cities.

  • With the 2001 WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar where a new round of neoliberal free trade talks are negotiated, there have been protests around the world. In Doha itself there has been limited protests because of repressive laws. (You can see this site’s section on Doha for more details about the talks itself.) Summarizing from Protest.net, protests have occurred in at least the following places:
    • Australia
    • Austria
    • Bangladesh
    • Belgium
    • Bolivia
    • Brazil
    • Canada
    • Czech Republic
    • Denmark
    • Finland
    • France
    • Germany
    • Qatar
    • Hong Kong
    • India
    • Italy
    • Japan
    • Lebanon
    • Netherlands
    • Nigeria
    • Norway
    • Philippines
    • South Korea
    • Portugal
    • Russia
    • Slovakia
    • Slovenia
    • Spain
    • Sweden
    • Switzerland
    • Thailand
    • Tunisia
    • Turkey
    • UK
    • U.S.

    Here too, protests occurred in numerous cities within these countries.

  • As Global Exchange reports (in September 2001), Since 1976, at least 100 protests against [International Monetary] Fund and [World] Bank policies have occurred in dozens of countries around the world … Clearly, ordinary citizens are outraged with the institutions’ policies. The continued adoption of those policies reveals the democracy disconnect fostered by the IMF and the World Bank. They further provide just a partial list of some of those countries in order of year, where protests have occurred since 1976. That list is reproduced here:
    Jul 1976 Peru
    Jan 1977 Egypt
    Sep 1978 Ghana
    Jan 1979 Jamaica
    Apr 1979 Liberia
    Feb 1980 Philippines
    May 1980 Zaire
    Jul 1980 Turkey
    Jun 1981 Morocco
    Aug 1981 Sierra Leone
    Jan 1982 Sudan
    Mar 1982 Argentina
    Oct 1982 Ecuador
    Oct 1982 Chile
    Mar 1983 Bolivia
    Apr 1983 Brazil
    Oct 1983 Panama
    Jan 1984 Tunisia
    Apr 1984 Dominican Rep.
    Jan 1985 Jamaica
    Mar 1985 Bolivia
    Mar 1985 Zaire
    May 1985 Haiti
    May 1985 El Salvador
    Aug 1985 Costa Rica
    Sep 1985 Guatemala
    Sep 1985 Bolivia
    Feb 1986 Mexico
    May 1986 Nigeria
    Sep 1986 Bolivia
    Nov 1986 Yugoslavia
    Jan 1987 Zambia
    Jan 1987 Sierra Leone
    Mar 1987 Poland
    Mar 1987 Ghana
    Mar 1987 Ecuador
    Oct 1987 Ecuador
    Nov 1987 Algeria
    Nov 1987 Romania
    Nov 1987 Sudan
    Apr 1988 Nigeria
    Jun 1988 Ghana
    Aug 1988 Hungary
    Oct 1988 Algeria
    Jan 1989 Benin
    Feb 1989 Venezuela
    Apr 1989 Jordan
    Apr 1989 Benin
    May 1989 Argentina
    May 1989 Nigeria
    Feb 1990 Ivory Coast
    Feb 1990 Niger
    Mar 1990 Nigeria
    Jun 1990 Zambia
    Jul 1990 Trinidad
    Dec 1990 Uganda
    Dec 1990 Morocco
    May 1991 Nigeria
    Aug 1991 Iran
    Feb 1992 Albania
    Feb 1992 Venezuela
    Feb 1992 India
    Apr 1992 Nepal
    May 1992 Zimbabwe
    May 1992 Nigeria
    Dec 1992 India
    Oct 1993 India
    Oct 1993 Russia
    Jan 1994 Mexico
    May 1994 Uganda
    Jun 1994 Gabon
    Jul 1995 Ecuador
    Nov 1995 Kenya
    Feb 1997 South Africa
    May 1998 Indonesia
    Feb 1999 Romania
    Apr 1999 Mexico
    May 1999 Argentina
    Jul 1999 Ecuador
    Dec 1999 Argentina
    Jan 2000 Ecuador
    Mar 2000 Costa Rica
    Apr 2000 Bolivia
    Apr 2000 Argentina
    Apr 2000 Kenya
    Apr 2000 Zambia
    May 2000 South Africa
    May 2000 Turkey
    May 2000 Argentina
    May 2000 India
    May 2000 Malawi
    May 2000 Russia
    Jun 2000 Nigeria
    Jun 2000 Paraguay
    Jun 2000 Argentina
    Jun 2000 Ecuador
    Aug 2000 Columbia
    Aug 2000 Honduras
    Sep 2000 Brazil
    Feb 2001 Ecuador
    Mar 2001 Argentina
    Mar 2001 Bolivia
    Mar 2001 Paraguay
    Apr 2001 Argentina

These are just a small number of examples. It is not a complete list. (See links below for more detailed coverage of protests and more thorough examples.) Protests are likely going to continue around the globe if policies continue along the way they are. (And suppressions or crackdowns are equally likely — ironically by the policing forces that are meant to uphold people’s rights, who instead are and will be upholding and protecting the rights of the elite and power holders. The mainstream media too is likely to continue its negative portrayal, as it affects them directly as well.)

In addition, as the World Development Movement notes, a number of protests are directed at government policies, sometimes when people do not realize that the government is pressured by the IMF/World Bank to follow certain policies. In effect, these influential institutions face less accountability:

Citizens in developing countries are increasingly linking domestic economic policies to the IMF and World Bank agenda…. Yet, despite this trend, people remain detached from these unaccountable international institutions and protest is still predominantly directed at national institutions, which are responsible for implementing the policies domestically.

International institutions have no accountability to citizens of developing countries…. At best, the IMF says it offers advice to governments to continue building the necessary political support for reforms, and at worst they distance themselves completely from failed programmes, blaming inadequate political will, corruption or external economic factors like commodity price collapse (conveniently ignoring the role IMF and World Bank policies played in encouraging increased production and exports leading to oversupply and depressed prices).

Mark Ellis-Jones, States of unrest III: Resistance to IMF and World Bank policies in poor countries, World Development Movement, April 2003

And despite repeated pressure and protest around the world, organizations such as the IMF and World Bank stubbornly persist in pushing these policies onto the poorest countries no matter what the political, social and economic circumstances. Protest seems inevitable, as this seemingly belligerent adherence to economic orthodoxy, rather than examining real-world evidence and circumstances, and the control that these institutions still wield over poverty reduction strategies and economic policies, means that polite discourse and civil society consultation can have limited impact. For people at the sharp end of these policies, protest has remained the most effective opposition.

The mainstream media in western nations, however, have hardly provided any coverage of such protests. Or, if they have in some cases, they have usually been in an isolated context, without more deeper discussions that may also see similarities with other protests around the world. Because a lot of policies around the world are in some ways a result of the influence and ability of more powerful nations to affect economic and political decisions, the people of these more powerful nations don’t get to see the impacts their leaders have around the world, and the faceless majority of humanity continue to live in poverty and misery while the fortunate few in the wealthier parts of the world are unwittingly supporting such policies.

In fact, just a few months after writing the previous paragraph, amongst other places, we have seen police crackdowns in Davos, Switzerland, at the beginning of 2001 at the annual World Economic Forum and soon after that it was mentioned that the next WTO meeting would be held in Qatar so that protestors would not have a chance of voicing their concerns (because Qatar has oppressive laws about such things). Indeed, the next round did take place and developing countries lost out a lot. Unfortunately this pattern is likely to continue.

With the September 11 2001 tragedy, the aftermath and resulting war on terror has also muted the anti-corporate globalization protests somewhat. Furthermore, some politicians have tried to equate being critical of free trade (which is not really free) as amounting to being against freedom and hence terrorist! This approach was especially prominent during the Doha WTO meeting. As another example, while the European Union has repeatedly attempted to alay fears that the increasing measures against terrorism will not be used as an excuse to crack down on political activism, Spain seems to be suggesting a proposal to do just that, trying to indirectly equate anti-corporate globalization activism with terrorism.

Protestors Are Labeled as Anti-Poor!

With such a growing movement world-wide, especially in the home nations of the powerful nations, the mainstream media and politicians that are supportive of current globalization policies are trying to discredit the protestors in various ways. One way has been to actually turn the protestors arguments against themselves. That is, while the protestors argue that the policies of the powerful and of pushing globalization — in its current form — is deepening poverty, the politicians, business leaders, media commentators instead are saying that instead it is the protestors who want the poor to remain poor.

There is a serious ideological backlash [from the protests]. How can the powers regroup after a fiasco like Seattle? The first ploy is to accuse opponents of being enemies of the poor, a ploy used by London’s Financial Times and The Economist, and by Mike Moore, director-general of the World Trade Organisation, who said in Geneva these protesters make me want to vomit. Paul Krugman, economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and media darling, added: The anti-globalisation movement already has a remarkable track record of hurting the very people and causes it claims to champion. Of the demonstrators in Geneva, he said: Whatever their intentions, they were doing their best to make the poor even poorer … The theme was taken up on the eve of Genoa by President George W Bush, in a statement to Le Monde: The demonstrators are condemning people to poverty.

Susan George, Democracy at the barricades, Le Monde Diplomatique, August 2001.

Susan George, director of a Dutch organization, Transnational Institute, quoted above is a prominent activist and political scientist. She goes on to point out in the same article that other ploys to discredit opponents include:

  • Attempting to discrediting the protesting organizations and attacking their legitimacy.
  • To repeat that the protesters don’t know what they are talking about, to label them and their organisations opportunist or alarmist

On the point above about attacking the legitimacy of protestors, one of the main concerns about the current forms of globalization that has led to so many protests has been the lack of citizen’s democratic participation in decisions of international economics and trade policy. As a result, many are protesting. Some have formed groups and organizations for this purpose, while others have just supported various groups. Suggesting that such people have no right to represent people, is like almost saying people should not be allowed to protest any feelings of injustice!

George also points out that government and business organizations have gone through incredible means to prevent or handle protests, such as:

  • Surveillance
  • Trying to disrupt the funding chain
  • Planning to hold future meetings in locations that are even more remote or secure
  • Violent crackdown
  • etc

This, she suggests, prove that the opponents of corporate-led globalisation are making a real impact – why otherwise would the masters of the universe bother with them? But that is to underestimate the importance international capital attaches to this battle. Its hatred of democracy has never been so clearly displayed. It must, by fair means or foul, establish the legitimacy of its domination before any more shocks. (From this point of view, the elections of Bush and of Silvio Berlusconi are heaven-sent.) Social movements have to watch their step now, especially since Genoa. They are entering a minefield.

[And just a month or so after Susan George wrote the above, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S. resulted in a War on Terrorism, where terrorism seems to have been loosely defined, to the extent that the global movements against corporate globalization have also been quietened.]

That so many have protested in so many places around the world is also an indication that there is wide frustration at current policies. One wouldn’t go to the streets to protest to keep the poor in poverty. For that, they would get jobs in Washington, D.C, or Wall Street!

We have seen listed above just some examples of places around the world where protests have occured, yet, for example at the G8 Summit in Genoa, political and business leaders tried to additionally taint the image of protestors from wealthier nations. Yet, protestors who have highlighted the injustices around the world that their own nation has contributed to, have been an important part of this global protest movement.

Both [President George] Bush and [New York Times columnist, Thomas] Friedman not only deliberately misrepresented the protesters and their aims [when claiming the protestors wanted the poor to remain poor,] but, more important, misrepresented what the current form of globalization is doing to the world’s poor. Indeed, the global elite would not be making even the modest gestures they offered over the weekend to the poor if it were not for the pressures from the protesters in the rich countries (since they find it easier to ignore — or shoot — protesters in the poor countries).

The protesters (regardless of their tactics) were not fooled by the G-8 leaders’ protestations [at the G8 summit in Genoa] of concerns for the poor. Most of the public in the industrial countries is not likely to be duped either. One hundred thousand people don’t get upset unless there is a problem in their hearts and spirits, French president Jacques Chirac said after hearing of the police killing of protester Carlo Giuliani, the son of an Italian labor union leader. More than 100,000 people are upset, and the problem is not just in their hearts and minds but in the system of corporate globalization that has delivered so much to the world’s rich and so little to the poor.

David Moberg, The real enemies of the poor, Salon.com magazine, July 23, 2001

The current mainstream economic and political ideology is so engrained into the system that many leaders are likely to honestly feel that the system is the best way to alleviate poverty and improve standards. J.W. Smith, who has done immense research in how wasteful and violent this historic system has been, points out that similar achievements in standards could have been met for all the world with far less waste, environmental degradation, inequality etc, and is worth quoting here for that deeper perspective:

Although in [the] early years the power brokers knew they were destroying others’ tools of production (industrial capital) in the ongoing battle for economic territory, trade has now become so complex that few of today’s powerful are aware of the waste and destruction created by the continuation of this neo-mercantalist struggle for markets. Instead, they feel that it is they who are responsible for the world’s improving standards of living and that they are defending not only their rights but everybody’s rights.

This illusion is possible because in the battle to monopolize society’s productive tools and the wealth they produce, industrial capital has become so productive that — even as capital, resources, and labor are indiscriminately consumed — living standards in the over-capitalized nations have continued to improve. And societies are so accustomed to long struggles for improved living standards that to think it could be done much faster seems irrational.

J.W. Smith, The World’s Wasted Wealth 2, (Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), p. 158.

Protestors Are Labeled as Anti-Trade and Anti-International

The (largely corporate-owned or influenced) mainstream media have often criticized the protestors for being anti-trade or against international cooperation and hence anti people, or against giving a chance for the poor to have a decent chance for a standard living. Yet, protestors are typically crying out for such social justice, for fairer international trade or some sort of internationalism and globalism that is just, democratic, cooperative and improves social justice, chances for all people. Sometimes such diverse groups of people involved will of course mean that there are conflicting suggestions for solutions, while others may not necessarily have suggestions but are outraged or affected so much by the current system, that they have come out to voice their concerns.

However, it seems as though the corporate-owned media assume that the current form of globalization (i.e. corporate-led) is the only way (and this is more anti-people than protestors have ever been). It is already shown that this is increasing disparities (which have been predicted by many over a number of years). Protestors are therefore voicing their concerns to these issues.

Another label often inappropriately applied to this loose global social justice movement is anti-globalization. That is, it seems correct when globalization is assumed to be corporate globalization, but in terms of globalization per se, it is a little misleading. That is, most are for a form of globalization where different cultures can come together, where people from different regions can exchange, trade, communicate, participate in real democracy, etc. But, this alone implies that there are many different forms of globalization, and, the concerns of these diverse protest movements, is that corporate globalization is not leading to the desired globalization that could benefit most of humanity.

Of course, many that support the current form of globalization will also support the opinion that it improves the chance of poverty, etc. While many may genuinely believe it, as shown throughout this site, and through the various links to other web sites, there is real criticism, and often that the reality does not match the rhetoric. As a result, movements demanding more social justice, real accountability, real poverty alleviation are appearing in many parts of the world.

Susan George, mentioned above, is worth quoting again, but from a different speech, on various aspects of the social or citizens’ movement:

To the increasing irritation of the people concerned, the media constantly refer to them collectively as NGOs or, worse, as anti-globalisation. Some, though by no means all participants do belong to Non-Governmental Organisations with a single-issue focus [Greenpeace, Amnesty, Jubilee, Via Campesina, etc.]. The movement itself is, however, multi-focus and inclusive. It is concerned with the world: omnipresence of corporate rule, the rampages of financial markets, ecological destruction, maldistribution of wealth and power, international institutions constantly overstepping their mandates and lack of international democracy. The label anti-globalisation is at best a contradiction, at worst a slander.

As has been made clear, these forces call themselves the social or citizens’ movement. They are opposed to market-driven corporate globalisation but they are not anti-globalisation per se, which would be pointless: clearly technology and travel are bringing us closer together and this is all to the good. They are, instead, anti-inequity, anti-poverty, anti-injustice as well as pro-solidarity, pro-environment and pro-democracy.

These broad coalitions may not agree on every detail of every issue but they share the basics. They refuse the Washington Consensus vision of how the world should work. Often unjustly accused of having nothing to propose, they are, on the contrary, constantly refining their arguments and their counter-proposals.

Susan George, The Global Citizens Movement: A New Actor For a New Politics, Spech given at the Conference on Reshaping Globalisation: Multilateral Dialogues and New Policy Initiatives, Central European University, 30 August 2001

It is not a simple black and white issue as the mainstream often like to present of either you are for an issue or against that issue. It has many complexities and perspectives.

There is an additional aspect the media have concentrated on disproportionately although not realized that it is a concern with the protests. That is, in the US especially, elements of the Right Wing have been also opposing globalization and the progressive protestors risk forming a dangerous alliance with them. The Right Wing have a more isolationist agenda that the media attributes to all the protestors. While that is a concern and something most would oppose, the vast majority of protestors in Seattle and D.C. for example, have been progressive people concerned at the social welfare and basic human (i.e economic and social as well as civil and political) rights for those affected.

In the industrialized countries, there is the additional concern for one’s own job moving overseas which has also led to more people voicing their concerns. As globalization in its current form continues, and IMF/World Bank policies continue to open up developing countries and force their wages and resources to become cheaper and cheaper, this puts a downward pressure on wages in the western countries as well (because corporations move to those cheaper areas, where they can take advantage of the exploitation that can be done). Hence while many in developed nations may have additional reasons to join in the protests, the voices of protestors from developed and developing countries are at the same concern — the effects of overly corporate-led forms of globalization on the society, on democracy, on the environment and so on.

To developing countries, the effects are much worse as standards are systematically reduced. The chance of improvement for most people around the world, for an equitable share and chance are all becoming less likely as the dependency and influence of outside forces take control over their lives, directly or indirectly.

In developing countries especially, many are aware of the geopolitical processes at play, as many have lived through struggles against imperialism and colonialism. However, as the effects of western policies are now also affecting a large number of citizens in their own countries, protests are getting louder.

While there may be elements of nationalism and anti-internationalism involved, by far the largest factor is fairness, equity, social justice, environmental, democracy, accountability, basic rights etc. in international trade as international policies affects domestic policies.

Violence and media fixation on it

The mainstream media, when it has covered such protests in placed like Seattle, Washington D.C and other venues for international meetings, have often concentrated on the violence that has unfortunately accompanied the protestors, who, by the far majority are peaceful protestors. The violence is a shame, as it detracts attention from the important issues that protestors are raising, and even strengthens the legitimacy of the institutions being criticized.

In some cases, the violence has been thought to have been started by undercover police and others to discredit the protestors. This is not a new tactic, nor should it be a shocking accusation. However, that some more militant groups protesting against the current forms of globalization have been able to add to this violence has served to promote a more negative image of the purpose of the protests to the wider audience.

And even then, certain aspects of violence doesn’t get reported:

Apparently the BBC refused to run live footage of the police assault the IMC [Independent Media Center] offered to supply them while it was happening because they claimed the event was unconfirmed!

Communique from NYC-Ya Basta and NYC Direct Action Network on violence and raid on the Independent Media Center during the G8 Summit, Genoa, Italy, July 2001

Additionally, as the title of an article by journalist John Pilger says, The violence of a few protesters in Gothenburg is trivial. Blair runs a violent government, which sells lethal weapons. That is, in the name of free trade, British Prime Minister and others sell arms and so forth which do far more damage, while protestors are at least concerned about social justice issues!

And, on the issue of political awareness being raised, and resulting in mass protests, with respect to the violence, in the above article, John Pilger finishes with:

Certainly, let us discuss violence. Blair runs a violent government. He knowingly attacked civilians with cluster bombs in Yugoslavia, killing children caught in the open. His devotion to free trade involves selling lethal weapons, including hand guns, to countries with repressive regimes and internal conflict. Supported by only 25 per cent of the British public, his government barely has legitimacy. The anger and frustration of non-voters and voters alike is shared across the world and by the young on the streets. Thanks to them, real politics are back.

John Pilger, The violence of a few protesters in Gothenburg is trivial. Blair runs a violent government, which sells lethal weapons, June 25, 2001

In detailing many types of protests and rebellions throughout recent centuries, professor of anthropology, Richard Robbins, suggests that the way the world system is structured, protests could unfortunately be considered a normal state of affairs:

There has been a tendency for social scientists and others to see [protests, riot or even revolt as] a breakdown of some sort in the social order. So-called functional theories of protest assumed that in the normal workings of society protest is unnecessary and unhealthy. Order, rather than conflict is the normal state of affairs. According to this popular framework, when protest, especially violent protest is present, we will find uprooted, marginal, and disorganized people….

Another perspective, however, suggests that the constant changes inherent in capitalist production, distribution, and consumption makes conflict inevitable: there are always changes taking place in modes of production and organization of labor, in market mechanisms, techological innovation, and so forth. Since all such changes bring some form of social and economic dislocation, we can expect protest to be the normal state of affairs. Furthermore, protests are not spontaneous uprisings but movements that bring together in organized fashion people who share certain interests, and who organize to express those interests. Generally, these movements develop from sustained resistance of some sort. Finally, when such movements involve violence, the violence is generally initiated by those against whom the protests is directed. Thus while a labor strike may turn violent, in most cases the violence is initiated by the government, company or private militia, or police.

Richard H. Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism, (Allyn and Bacon, 2002), pp. 282 – 283

(See also Robbins, quoted above, from pages 281 to 363 for more details on the aspects of resistance in recent centuries, and their causes and relationships to economic systems.)

From direct democratic protests to virtual democracy

Due to the fear of a large protestor turnout in Barcelona, Spain, the World Bank cancelled a June 2001 global meeting there and shifted it to the internet as pointed out out by Norman Solomon. The fears of public protests seem to require a virtual democracy rather than a real one!

Protest organizers are derisive about the Bank’s media spin: The representatives of the globalized capitalism feel threatened by the popular movements against globalization. They, who meet in towers surrounded by walls and soldiers in order to stay apart from the people whom they oppress, wish to appear as victims. They, who have at their disposal the resources of the planet, complain that those who have nothing wanted to have their voice heard. … In any struggle that concentrates on a battlefield of high-tech communications, the long-term advantages are heavily weighted toward institutions with billions of dollars behind them. Whatever our hopes, no technology can make up for a lack of democracy.

Norman Solomon, Simulating Democracy Can Be A Virtual Breeze, Media Beat, Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting, May 24, 2001

Ironically, these sorts of measures could become more common if there is more continued protest and concern at how these large institutions and others affect the lives of people around the world.

Police Brutality and Other Civil Rights Violations Ignored

A million dollar bail for walking down the street with a cell phone during a demonstration. Passports taken and political activity forbidden because of a misdemeanor act of civil disobedience. The big boys don’t like to be messed with, whether they are bombing the s[#$!] out of a Third World country or meeting in luxury hotels and convention centers to keep the reins of the world economy in their little paws. There’s growing, worldwide opposition to corporate global pillage. The response, typical of autocratic regimes, is the criminalization of dissent.

The Criminalization of Dissent, Special Report, FreeSpeech.org

The media has also ignored the often brutal police and law enforcement crackdowns. Tactics have included:

  • torture
  • physical and sexual violence
  • detaining suspects without proof
  • not providing food or water or access to lawyers
  • absurd bails
  • raiding protests groups and alternative and independent media centers
  • and so on.

And this isn’t just in countries where civil rights are not as prominent. These are some of the same problems that have occurred in the United States where such rights are typically prominent.

Another tactic used has been to get the police to infiltrate as anarchists as happened in Prague, Seattle, Genoa, and Miami (during the FTAA protests in November 2003), for example. As mentioned above, these tactics cannot unfortunately be surprising. Even the School of the Americas, a U.S. military training school has advocated things like using torture, blaming the opponents and so on, as described in this web site’s sections on the Arms Trade.

In January 2003, it was revealed that Police in Genoa admitted to fabricating evidence against globalization activists in an attempt to justify police brutality during protests at the July 2001 G8 Summit as revealed by media watch-dog group Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR). Yet there has been hardly any media reporting (almost none in the U.S. and a little bit in Europe) of it two to three days after the revalation. They point out that:

Police in Genoa, Italy have admitted to fabricating evidence against globalization activists in an attempt to justify police brutality during protests at the July 2001 G8 Summit. In searches of the Nexis database, FAIR has been unable to find a single mention of this development in any major U.S. newspapers or magazines, national television news shows or wire service stories.

… [An earlier] story by Carroll (Guardian [UK], 7/23/01) focused on allegations that segments of the supposedly anarchist “black block” in Genoa — the group most often held up as proof that globalization activists are violent — were in fact provocateurs from European security forces. Groups of black-clad people “burned buildings, ransacked shops and attacked banks with crowbars and scaffolding” during the protests, reported Carroll. Some attacked journalists, “smashing their equipment and tearing up their notebooks.” Yet “few, if any” of these people were arrested, and local activists seemed not to know the people involved.

Media Missing New Evidence About Genoa Violence, Fairness and Accuaracy In Reporting, January 10, 2003

In some places, including the US, where there has been an expected large turnout in public protests, the local police have often had to quickly increase their numbers that are present. This itself has sometimes not helped as often the rushed increase leads to more armed, yet untrained police in confrontational situations. The protests in Miami, November 2003, against the Free Trade of the Americas Agreement (FTAA), is a recent example where excessive force was used by police.

The G8 Summit for 2001 in Genoa, Italy also saw a protestor killed by Italian police. While not the first death (for example, 4000 were killed in Venezuela in 1989, as mentioned above), it was one of the first caught on camera for the world to see.

No action by [the 2001 Genoa, Italy] G8 summit, no matter how noble in rhetoric or intent, will erase the fact that the economic policies promoted by the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan and Russia are now so unpopular that their gatherings must be protected with deadly police violence. … If the croupiers of corporate capital really believe that restructuring the global economy to limit protections for workers, the environment and human rights represents a positive development, why must they employ deadly force to defend the meetings at which they plot their warped vision of progress?

John Nicols, One dead, 80 injured in Genoa: The violent defense of indefensible policies, Online Beat, The Nation Magazine, July 20, 2001.



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Chicken Florentine – Crunchy Creamy Sweet

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Chicken Florentine – Crunchy Creamy Sweet


This Chicken Florentine is made with chicken cutlets that are browned in a pan and then simmered in a creamy sauce with spinach, garlic, and Parmesan cheese, all done in 15 minutes! Serve it with pasta, mashed potatoes, or rice. This one-pan dish is bound to be a hit!

Three browned chicken breasts in a creamy spinach sauce in a white pan.
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Why You’ll Love This Dish

If you look at my collection of easy chicken recipes, you may notice a trend: chicken breasts browned in a pan and simmered in a creamy sauce. It’s one of my favorite ways to prepare chicken for my family. It’s easy and always a hit!

This Chicken Florentine features thin cutlets of chicken breast and silky, creamy sauce with spinach, garlic, and Parmesan cheese. What’s not to love?

What is Chicken Florentine?

The name comes from a time when Catherine de Medici brought spinach seeds from Florence to France, along with her best Florentine chefs. So whenever you see a dish with Florentine in the name, it will include spinach. And this dish, in my opinion, is one of the best to make with this delicious leafy vegetable.

Ingredients:

All ingredients for chicken Florentine dish on a white tile board.All ingredients for chicken Florentine dish on a white tile board.
  • chicken: boneless skinless chicken breasts, cut lengthwise into thin cutlets;
  • flour: for dredging the chicken; it helps if brown better and thickens the sauce;
  • butter and olive oil: my favorite combo for browning the chicken cutlets;
  • seasoning: Italian seasoning, salt, and pepper; keeping it simple;
  • garlic: definitely use fresh for this dish; it will give the sauce delicious flavor;
  • chicken broth: necessary for deglazing the pan after browning chicken; it helps lift all of the flavorful bits from the bottom of the pan;
  • cream: the base of the sauce; you can use half and half or evaporated milk;
  • Parmesan cheese: adds cheesy flavor to the sauce;
  • spinach: the star of the sauce and the reason for the name of this dish; I used fresh, not frozen.

How to make Chicken Florentine?

  • Start by seasoning the chicken with salt and pepper on each side.
  • Dredge in flour and set aside.
  • Melt butter with olive oil in a skillet.
  • Brown the chicken for 4 to 5 minutes, per side. Remove it onto a plate and set aside.
Floured chicken breasts on a white plate and browned chicken in a skillet.Floured chicken breasts on a white plate and browned chicken in a skillet.
  • Add garlic and saute for a few minutes. Add Italian seasoning and stir in. Saute for 1 minute. This helps activate the dried herbs.
  • Add chicken broth to the skillet and deglaze the pan (that means scraping the bottom of the pan with a wooden spoon or spatula to get all the cooked-on bits).
  • Add cream to the pan and stir in.
Garlic and Italian seasoning in a skillet and creamy sauce in a skillet.Garlic and Italian seasoning in a skillet and creamy sauce in a skillet.
  • Add spinach and Parmesan cheese to the sauce, stir in, and cook until the spinach is wilted.
  • Return the chicken to the pan with sauce and simmer on low heat until the chicken is heated through.
Creamy sauce with spinach in a skillet and three chicken breasts in the spinach sauce in the skillet.Creamy sauce with spinach in a skillet and three chicken breasts in the spinach sauce in the skillet.

Helpful Tips!

  • Spinach: I highly recommend using fresh spinach in this dish; frozen and thawed spinach has a distinct flavor and can overpower the sauce;
  • Chicken: cut the breasts into cutlets and pound with a meat tenderizer if needed, to make them roughly the same thickness; this will ensure even cooking;
  • Sauce: I used heavy whipping cream to make the sauce but half and half or evaporated milk works great too; you may need to whisk in a teaspoon or two of cornstarch to ensure the sauce will thicken.
Three chicken breasts in a creamy sauce with spinach, in an enameled Le Creuset skillet.Three chicken breasts in a creamy sauce with spinach, in an enameled Le Creuset skillet.

What to serve with chicken Florentine?

Whenever I make chicken breasts with sauce, my first side dish choice is mashed potatoes. It’s pure comfort food right there! Rice, mashed cauliflower, or even pasta pair with this delicious dish as well. So go with your preferred side and enjoy every bit! Don’t forget the bread, like my skillet focaccia, to soak up every last drop of the creamy sauce.

Recipe FAQs:

What is Florentine sauce made of?

The main ingredients in a Florentine sauce are butter, cream, spinach, and Parmesan cheese.

What else can I add to the sauce?

Lemon zest, mushrooms, capers, and sun-dried tomatoes, all make for great additions to the spinach sauce.

Can I make this dish ahead of time?

If you want to save time on prep, brown the chicken, cool it completely, and store it in the fridge until you are ready to serve it. Let it come to room temperature before simmering it in the sauce. If you prep the sauce in advance, it will thicken as it chills. I prefer to make it before serving.

How to store and reheat leftovers?

Assuming you have any leftovers from this delicious dish, all should be stored in the fridge, for up to 3 days. To reheat, place it in a skillet, add a splash of milk and cook until heated through. The sauce will thicken in the fridge so you need some liquid (like milk) to get it back to a saucy consistency.

Cooked chicken breast in a creamy sauce with spinach in a pan.Cooked chicken breast in a creamy sauce with spinach in a pan.

More chicken dinner recipes:

If you like this recipe and make it, let me know in the comments below! Don’t forget to rate it if you enjoyed it!

Three chicken breasts in a creamy sauce with spinach, in an enameled Le Creuset skillet.Three chicken breasts in a creamy sauce with spinach, in an enameled Le Creuset skillet.

Chicken Florentine

This Chicken Florentine is made with chicken cutlets that are browned in a pan and then simmered in a creamy sauce with spinach, garlic, and Parmesan cheese, all done in 15 minutes! Serve it with pasta, mashed potatoes, or rice. This one-pan dish is bound to be a hit!

Prep Time 15 minutes

Cook Time 15 minutes

Total Time 30 minutes

Course Main Dish

Cuisine American, Italian

Servings 4 servings

Calories 449 kcal

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Ingredients 

 

Instructions 

  • Slice each chicken breast in half lenghtwise. Use a meat tenderizer and pound the chicken so each cutlet is evenly thick.

    2 medium chicken breasts

  • Season each chicken cutlet with salt and pepper on each side.

    1 teaspoon kosher salt, ¼ teaspoon black pepper

  • Dredge chicken in flour on each side and set aside.

    ¼ cup all-purpose flour

  • Melt butter with olive oil in a skillet, over medium heat.

    2 tablespoons unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon olive oil

  • Brown the chicken for 4 to 5 minutes, per side. Remove it onto a plate and set aside.

  • Add garlic and saute for a few minutes. Add Italian seasoning and stir in. Saute for 1 minute. This helps activate the dried herbs.

    4 garlic cloves, ½ teaspoon Italian seasoning

  • Add chicken broth to the skillet and deglaze the pan (that means scraping the bottom of the pan with a wooden spoon or spatula to get all the cooked-on bits).

    ¼ cup chicken broth

  • Add cream to the pan and stir in.

    ¾ cup heavy cream

  • Add spinach and Parmesan cheese to the sauce, stir in, and cook until the spinach is wilted.

    2 cups spinach, ½ cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese

  • Return the chicken to the pan with sauce and simmer on low heat until the chicken is heated through.

  • Add the remaining tablespoon of butter and stir in until melted.

  • Serve with pasta, mashed potatoes or rice.

Notes

  • If you can’t fit 4 cutlets in your pan, fry 2 at a time. Do not overcrowd the pan or the chicken will boil in its juices.
  • I highly recommend using fresh spinach in this dish; frozen and thawed spinach has a distinct flavor and can overpower the sauce.
  • Use Parmesan cheese in a wedge, not the stuff from a green bottle, please.
  • I used heavy whipping cream to make the sauce but half and half or evaporated milk works great too; you may need to whisk in a teaspoon or two of cornstarch to ensure the sauce will thicken.
  • Please note, that the nutrition value can vary depending on what product you use. The information below is an estimate. Always use a calorie counter you are familiar with.

Nutrition

Calories: 449kcal | Carbohydrates: 9g | Protein: 31g | Fat: 32g | Saturated Fat: 17g | Polyunsaturated Fat: 2g | Monounsaturated Fat: 10g | Trans Fat: 0.2g | Cholesterol: 147mg | Sodium: 993mg | Potassium: 585mg | Fiber: 1g | Sugar: 2g | Vitamin A: 2374IU | Vitamin C: 7mg | Calcium: 212mg | Iron: 2mg



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Spike Lee, Kelsey Plum exchange words at Liberty-Aces game: “I told him he shoul…

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Spike Lee, Kelsey Plum exchange words at Liberty-Aces game: “I told him he shoul…


In Sunday afternoon’s New York Liberty win over the Las Vegas Aces, Aces star Kelsey Plum exchanged some words with film director and producer Spike Lee. Lee, a New York Knicks superfan, can be typically found on the sidelines of Madison Square Garden heckling opposing NBA players — but this time, he took center stage at Barclay’s Center.

While he hasn’t been a longtime staple at WNBA games, Spike Lee certainly made his presence known on Sunday afternoon, badgering Plum all afternoon. Despite the 87-77 Aces loss, the three-time All-Star had a great offensive outing — she led the Aces with 24 points on 9-17 shooting, 12 of which came in the third quarter outburst.

Plum took the back-and-forth in stride, joking about it postgame.

“I can’t say exactly what was said, but I told him told that he should talk louder,” Plum said with a smile.

“But, it was all well and fun, and it’s really cool that he’s here. Even last round, it was really cool that he was here. I know he’s a big sports fan, so it says a lot that he’s in the building and that he respects the game. So, I was just having fun.”

Sabrina Ionescu said postgame that Spike Lee’s support for the Liberty has been much appreciated.

“He might have been the first person that called me when I got drafted here,” Ionescu revealed. “That’s a story that I don’t know if I’ve ever said, but he was the first person that called me when, and he just shared his excitement with New York getting the No. 1 pick. Every time I’ve seen him along the way, we’ve just had small talk, and I kept telling him he’s got to come to a game, because this is kind of like no other.”

After her 36-point outing in Game 2 of the first round of the playoffs, Ionescu credited a Spike Lee high-five for the win:

“I felt like New York was just injected into my veins at that moment.”

The Liberty have the No. 1 seed in the playoffs, and therefore they’ll have home court the rest of the way as they pursue a franchise-first NBA title. Lee will likely be courtside again when the Liberty host the Aces for Game 2 on Tuesday.

“To be able to see him here, cheering on us, cheering us loud — he was over there chirping at the refs, talking to the players, which was really fun,” Ionescu said. “But, obviously it’s exciting to see the support that we’re getting from New York fans. We’re trying to bring a championship this year, and it takes a village.”





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Can a war in the Middle East be averted? | Israel-Lebanon attacks

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Can a war in the Middle East be averted? | Israel-Lebanon attacks


The region braces for further attacks after Israel’s killing of Hezbollah’s leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut.

Hezbollah is still reeling from the killing of its longtime leader Hassan Nasrallah.

As the group mourns his death and weighs its options, Israel has carried out more strikes, killing another of Hezbollah’s top leaders.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu argues that Nasrallah’s assassination will reshape the balance of power in the Middle East.

And he has warned Iran, Hezbollah’s main supporter, that Israel’s military can strike anywhere in the region that it needs.

Tehran has promised retaliation, saying Israel will regret its actions.

But beyond words, what does this mean for an already volatile region?

Presenter: James Bays

Guests

Mehran Kamrava, professor of government at Georgetown University of Qatar and head of Iranian studies at the Arab Center for Policy Studies and Research.

Robert Geist Pinfold, lecturer at Durham University and author of the recently published book, Understanding Territorial Withdrawal: Israeli Occupations and Exits.

Muhannad Ayyash, professor at Mount Royal University and policy analyst at Al-Shabaka: The Palestinian Policy Network.



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Bobby Flay GreenPan Cast Iron Skillet Launch Review

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Bobby Flay GreenPan Cast Iron Skillet Launch Review



Straight to the Point

The new cast iron skillet from Bobby Flay and GreenPan releases eggs cleanly, sears golden brown tofu, and produces an evenly baked cornbread. However, we prefer the straight sides on Lodge’s cast iron skillet (our longtime top pick) and had a difficult time maneuvering the Bobby Flay pan due to its awkwardly angled handle.

As cast iron skillet aficionados, we knew we had to put Bobby Flay’s new cast iron skillet to the test when we heard he was launching one in collaboration with GreenPan. Part of GreenPan’s first-ever cast iron cookware line, the skillet comes in 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. Throughout weeks of everyday use, the skillet adequately maintained and distributed heat, and while it can’t top our favorite Lodge cast iron skillet, it’s a good budget option at $30 if you want a pan with sloped sides for easy stirring.

The Tests

Serious Eats / An Uong


  • Heat Conduction Test: We set the 10-inch skillet on medium heat and used an infrared thermometer to take the temperature of the cooking surface (left, center, and right). We measured the temperature in 30-second increments for two minutes to see how quickly (and evenly) the pan heated up.
  • Fried Egg Test: We cooked an over-easy fried egg on the skillet to see how easily the egg released from the pan.
  • Tofu Steak Test: We seared a cut of tofu on the skillet and examined how well it browned.
  • Cornbread Test: We baked cornbread in the skillet and noted how evenly it cooked.

What We Learned

It Fried, Seared, and Baked Without Trouble

With just a tad of neutral oil, the pan released eggs beautifully. We didn’t have to scrape any bits off after cooking and the eggs had a nice, crispy bottom. When it came to searing a cut of tofu, the pan gave the tofu a beautiful golden crust that came away easily from the cooking surface. When we added a bit of soy sauce to the tofu, it caramelized nicely and didn’t stick to the pan.

Serious Eats / An Uong


It Heats Up Quickly, But Not Evenly

When testing the pan to see how quickly it could heat up, we found that the center went from 80°F to 282°F within a minute and reached 453°F in two minutes. However, as we measured away from the center, we saw that it was on average over 50°F cooler towards the edges of the pan.

Serious Eats / An Uong


It Was Awkward to Maneuver

Undoubtedly, Bobby Flay’s cast iron skillet has a modern look. The clean lines are easy on the eyes, but hard on the hands. When it came to moving the skillet around the stovetop, the sharply angled handle, which is narrower than most, made it difficult to get a stable grip. Plus, at six pounds, it’s quite a bit heavier than other pans we’ve tested. Thankfully, the helper handle made carrying it a bit easier.

The Verdict

Bobby Flay GreenPan 10-Inch Cast Iron Skillet

GreenPan


Bobby Flay’s new cast iron skillet from GreenPan gets the job done. It releases fried eggs without a hitch and bakes golden brown cornbread. It performed well in all of our cooking and heating tests, but fell short when it came to comfortability and maneuverability. It’s a great budget option if you like sloped sides for easy stirring, but we still recommend our longtime favorite from Lodge, which is usually on sale for around $20 anyway.

Key Specs

  • Weight: 6 pounds
  • Diamater: 10 inches
  • Pre-seasoned: Yes
  • Helper handle: Yes
  • Cleaning: Hand-wash, dry, and rub with high smoke point, neutral oil

FAQs

What is the best cast iron skillet?

We’ve recommended the Lodge cast iron skillet for years, through numerous rounds of testing.

Is cast iron cookware hard to maintain?

We have several guides on how to restore and maintain cast iron cookware so that it lasts you years.

What other cast iron cookware should I look into?

We have guides on our favorite cast iron grill pans, enameled cast iron skillets, Dutch ovens, braisers, and more.

Why We’re the Experts

  • An Uong is a commerce writer for Serious Eats and Food & Wine.
  • An has been cooking with cast iron for years and continues to grow her cast iron cookware collection.



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Death toll soars in US, North Carolina reeling

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Death toll soars in US, North Carolina reeling


Storm Helene: Death toll soars in US, North Carolina reeling, An aerial view of debris of damaged houses are seen after Hurricane Helene made landfall in Horseshoe Beach, Florida, on September 28, 2024. | Photo by CHANDAN KHANNA / AFP

An aerial view of debris of damaged houses are seen after Hurricane Helene made landfall in Horseshoe Beach, Florida, on September 28, 2024. | Photo by CHANDAN KHANNA / AFP

VALDOSTA, United States — The death toll from powerful storm Helene jumped to at least 91 on Sunday, with one county in North Carolina alone reporting 30 deaths, authorities said, as rescuers battled to reach people in need across the southeastern United States.

The storm left a swathe of damage across several states, including Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee, with high winds and torrential rain leaving some towns in ruins, roads flooded out and power cut off to millions.

READ MORE:

Hurricane Helene: 56 dead, millions with no power in US Southeast

Florida bracing for ‘unsurvivable’ Hurricane Helene

Julian strengthens into a typhoon, signal No. 3 up in Babuyan Islands

“We’re hearing (of) significant infrastructure damage to water systems, communication, roads, critical transportation routes, as well as several homes that have been just destroyed by this,” the administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Deanne Criswell, said Sunday.

“So this is going to be a really complicated recovery in each of these five states that have had these impacts,” she said on CBS’s “Face the Nation.”

Two vehicles lie upended from flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene on September 29, 2024 in Old Fort, North Carolina.|  Melissa Sue Gerrits/Getty Images/AFP

Two vehicles lie upended from flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene on September 29, 2024 in Old Fort, North Carolina.| Melissa Sue Gerrits/Getty Images/AFP

At least 91 people were killed in the extreme weather — 37 in North Carolina, 25 in South Carolina, 17 in Georgia, 11 in Florida and one in Virginia, according to tallies from local authorities compiled by AFP.

“We have another devastating update. We now have 30 confirmed losses due to the storm,” Quentin Miller, the sheriff in North Carolina’s Buncombe County, which includes the tourist city of Asheville, told a briefing.

“We’re still conducting search operations and we know that those also may include recovery operations.”

Flash flood warnings remained in effect in parts of western North Carolina on Sunday, National Weather Service director Ken Graham said, adding that they were due to the risk of dam failures.

The weather was expected to ease in the affected areas by around Tuesday, he said.

Nearly 2.5 million households remained without power on Sunday, according to tracker poweroutage.us.

US Department of Energy official Matt Targuagno said that crews were working hard to restore electricity but warned it would be “a complex, multi-day response.”

Thousands of people continued to seek assistance in shelters run by the American Red Cross, organization official Jennifer Pipa said.

A storm-damaged U-Haul pickup truck sits along a flooded waterway in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene on September 29, 2024 | Photo by Sean Rayford Getty Images via AFP

A storm-damaged U-Haul pickup truck sits along a flooded waterway in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene on September 29, 2024 | Photo by Sean Rayford Getty Images via AFP

Bridges washed away

Helene blew into Florida’s northern Gulf shore as a huge Category Four hurricane with winds of 140 miles (225 kilometers) per hour.

Even as it weakened, it wreaked havoc.

US President Joe Biden said Sunday that one of his senior advisors was in Florida monitoring the situation.

North Carolina saw some of the worst of the flooding, with Governor Roy Cooper saying rescuers were being forced to airlift supplies in some areas due to damaged or flooded roads.

“I don’t know that anybody could be fully prepared for the amount of flooding and landslides that they are experiencing right now,” Criswell said on CBS, adding that more search and rescue teams were being deployed.

William Ray, director of the state’s emergency management department, warned that conditions were still extremely dangerous.

Hundreds of roads across the region remained closed, with several bridges washed away by floodwaters.

Four major interstate highways were closed across North Carolina and Tennessee, with “multiple” bridges still out, said Kristin White of the US Department of Transportation.

Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina each had more than 100 road closures, she added.

In the Georgia city of Valdosta, the storm ripped the roofs off buildings, and left road intersections a tangle of felled utility poles and trees.

“The wind started really hitting, like, felt branches and pieces of the roof hitting the side of the building and hitting the windows,” said Valdosta resident Steven Mauro.

“And then we were looking out and then literally this whole street, just everything went black.”

Republican former president and current candidate Donald Trump will visit Valdosta on Monday for a briefing on the disaster, his campaign said.

President Joe Biden, who has approved federal aid for several states in the wake of the disaster, intends to travel to hard-hit areas this week, “as soon as it will not disrupt emergency response operations,” the White House said Sunday.

He directed Criswell, the FEMA administrator, to “determine what more can be done to accelerate support to those who are having the most difficult time accessing assistance in isolated communities,” it said.



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Poverty Around The World — Global Issues

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Public Protests Around The World — Global Issues


Author and Page information

  • by Anup Shah
  • This page last updated

On this page:

  1. Introduction
  2. World Bank’s Poverty Estimates Revised
  3. Inequality
    1. Inequality in Industrialized Nations
    2. Inequality in the US
    3. Inequality, globalization and a new global elite
    4. Inequality in Cities Around the World
    5. Inequality in Rural Areas
    6. Inequality Between Genders
    7. Inequality and Health
    8. Inequality fueled by many factors
    9. Inequality increases social tensions
    10. Fragile Democracies, Inequality turn good people to evil
  4. The Wealthy and the Poor
  5. The World Bank and Poverty
  6. Poverty in Industrialized Countries
  7. Corruption

Introduction

What does it mean to be poor? How is poverty measured? Third World countries are often described as developing while the First World, industrialized nations are often developed. What does it mean to describe a nation as developing? A lack of material wealth does not necessarily mean that one is deprived. A strong economy in a developed nation doesn’t mean much when a significant percentage (even a majority) of the population is struggling to survive.

Successful development can imply many things, such as (though not limited to):

  • An improvement in living standards and access to all basic needs such that a person has enough food, water, shelter, clothing, health, education, etc;
  • A stable political, social and economic environment, with associated political, social and economic freedoms, such as (though not limited to) equitable ownership of land and property;
  • The ability to make free and informed choices that are not coerced;
  • Be able to participate in a democratic environment with the ability to have a say in one’s own future;
  • To have the full potential for what the United Nations calls Human Development:

    Human development is about much more than the rise or fall of national incomes. It is about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus about expanding the choices people have to lead lives that they value. And it is thus about much more than economic growth, which is only a means—if a very important one—of enlarging people’s choices.

    What is Human Development?, Human Development Reports, United Nations Development Program

At household, community, societal, national and international levels, various aspects of the above need to be provided, as well as commitment to various democratic institutions that do not become corrupted by special interests and agendas.

Yet, for a variety of reasons, these full rights are not available in many segments of various societies from the richest to the poorest. When political agendas deprive these possibilities in some nations, how can a nation develop? Is this progress?

Politics have led to dire conditions in many poorer nations. In many cases, international political interests have led to a diversion of available resources from domestic needs to western markets. (See the structural adjustment section to find out more about this.) This has resulted in a lack of basic access to food, water, health, education and other important social services. This is a major obstacle to equitable development.

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Inequality

Inequality is not just bad for social justice, it is also bad for economic efficiency

Growth with equity is good for the poor, Oxfam, June 2000

While poverty alleviation is important, so too is tackling inequality. Inequality is often discussed in the context of relative poverty, as opposed to absolute poverty.

That is, even in the wealthiest countries, the poor may not be in absolute poverty (the most basic of provisions may be obtainable for many) or their level of poverty may be a lot higher than those in developing countries, but in terms of their standing in society, their relative poverty can also have serious consequences such as deteriorating social cohesion, increasing crime and violence, and poorer health.

Some of these things are hard to measure, such as social cohesion and the level of trust and comfort people will have in interacting with one another in the society. Nonetheless, over the years, numerous studies have shown that sometimes the poor in wealthy countries can be unhappier or finding it harder to cope than poor people in poorer countries.

In the context of tackling poverty then, the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) for example sees poverty reduction as a twin function of

  1. The rate of growth, and
  2. Changes in income distribution.

The ODI also adds that as well as increased growth, additional key factors to reducing poverty will be:

  • The reduction in inequality
  • The reduction in income differences

A few places around the world do see increasing rates of growth in a positive sense. But globally, there is also a negative change in income distribution. The reality unfortunately is that the gap between the rich and poor is quite wide in most places. For example:

  • The wealthiest 20% of the world’s population consumes 76.6% of the world’s goods while 80% of humanity gets the remainder.

(See poverty facts and stats on this site for more examples.)

Inequality in the US

The US for a long time has had the largest gap and inequality between rich and poor compared to all the other industrialized nations.

Inequality in Cities Around the World

Inequality and Health

A Canadian study in 1998 suggested that the wealthiest nations do not have the healthiest people; instead, it is countries with the smallest economic gap between the rich and poor.

For many years, poverty has also been described as the number one health problem for many poor nations as they do not have the resources to meet the growing needs. Yet, it is not beyond humanity:

Inequality fueled by many factors

Various things can create inequality. Most common generalizations will be things like greed, power, money. But even in societies where governments are well-intentioned, policy choices and individual actions (or inactions) can all contribute to inequality.

In wealthier nations, the political left usually argue for addressing inequality as a matter of moral obligation or social justice, to help avoid worsening social cohesion and a weakening society.

The political right in the wealthier nations generally argue that in most cases, western nations have overcome the important challenge of inequality of opportunity, and so more emphasis and responsibility should be placed on the individual to help themselves get out of their predicament.

Both views have their merits; being lazy or trying to live off the system is as abhorrent as inequalities structured into the system by those with wealth, power and influence.

In poorer countries, those same dynamics may be present too, sometimes in much more extremes, but there are also additional factors that have a larger impact than they would on most wealthier countries, which is sometimes overlooked by political commentators in wealthy countries when talking about inequality in poorer countries.

For example, in some poorer countries, a combination of successive military governments (often supported or aided by the West) and/or corrupt leadership, as well as international economic policy have combined to create debt traps and wealth siphoning, affecting the poorer citizens the most (because the costs such as the debt gets socialized).

Nigeria is one often-mentioned example, as Jubilee 2000 highlights where Western backed dictatorships have siphoned off much of the nation’s wealth in the past leaving the country under immense debt for later generations to suffer under. Indonesia is another example as part of this Noam Chomsky interview by The Nation magazine reveals. Latin America on the whole is another.

Latin America has the highest disparity rate in the world between the rich and the poor: Internal, regional and external geopolitics, various international economic factors and more, have all contributed to problems. For example, the foreign policy of the US in that region has often been criticized for failing to help tackle the various issues and only being involved to enhance US national interests and even interfering, affecting the course and direction of the nations in the region through overt and covert destabilization. This, combined with factors such as corruption, foreign debt, concentrated wealth and so on, has contributed to poverty there.

The UK and US are often two of the more dynamic nations, economically and opportunities to make a very successful life is well within the realms of possibility. Yet, these two tend to have the worst levels of inequality amongst industrialized nations. Such levels of inequality implies that it is overly simplistic to blame it all on each individual or solely on government policy and white-collar corruption.

While ideological debates will always continue on the causes of inequality, both the political left and right agree that social cohesion (social justice or family values, etc) is suffering, risking the very fabric of society if it gets out of control.

Inequality increases social tensions

Andrew Simms, policy directory for the New Economics Foundation in U.K. (which spear-headed the Jubilee 2000 campaign to highlight the injustices of third world debt) makes an interesting suggestion in the British paper, The Guardian (August 6, 2003).

He suggests that as well as a minimum wage, for the sake of social cohesion there should perhaps be a maximum wage, too.

Amongst various things, Simms notes that tackling inequality from the other end is important because the economic case for high executive pay in terms of company performance doesn’t hold up, and because highly unequal societies have a habit of falling apart.

In addition:

Crime and unhappiness stalk unequal societies. In the UK the bottom 50% of the population now owns only 1% of the wealth: in 1976 they owned 12%. Our economic system’s incentive structure, instead of trickle-down, is causing a flood-up of resources from the poor to the rich. Inequality leads to instability, the last thing the country or world needs right now.

Even the former hardline conservative head of the International Monetary Fund, Michel Camdessus, has come to the conclusion that the widening gaps between rich and poor within nations is morally outrageous, economically wasteful and potentially socially explosive.

Above subsistence levels, what undermines our sense of well-being most is not our absolute income levels, but how big the gaps are between us and our peers. Allowing the super-rich to live apart from society is as damaging in its own way as the exclusion of the poorest.

Andrew Simms, Now for a maximum wage, The Guardian, August 6, 2003

It seems, however, that neoliberal economic ideology may lead many to think inequality is not important. This partial transcript of an interview with Britain’s then-Prime Minister, Tony Blair, by the BBC prior to the June 2001 elections, reveals an example of that where Blair appeared to evade the question of the importance of reducing inequality, and kept suggesting that he wants to improve the lot of the poor, regardless of the levels of inequality between rich and poor.

Fragile Democracies, Inequality turn good people to evil

In May 2002, the BBC aired another documentary related to inequality, called The Experiment, where they showed in detail how inequality can turn good people to evil.

  • The experiment involved a system of guards and prisoners.
  • The prisoners eventually revolted against the initial inequality.
  • However, some of the former prisoners themselves instituted what was becoming an almost fascist regime before the experiment was eventually stopped.
  • The documentary concluded that on a more general sense,
    • Our democracies are more fragile than we realize;
    • In addition, any power vacuums, which inequality can create and exacerbate, can seriously threaten to undermine democracy.

Inequality is also characterized by a concentration of wealth, which means a concentration of political power. Historically, one of the main reasons for continued poverty has been in order to maintain this power.

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The Wealthy and the Poor

In the developing world, there is a pattern of inequality caused by the powerful subjugating the poor and keeping them dependent. Outside influence is often a large factor and access to trade and resources is the usual cause. It is often asked why the people of these countries do not stand up for themselves. In most cases when they do, they face incredible and often violent oppression from their ruling elites and from outsiders who see their national interests threatened.

Consider the following from the United Nations:

Everyone has the right to work, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection for himself and his family [and] an existence worthy of human dignity … Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

And contrast that with the following around the same time, from a key superpower that helped create the United Nations. It is from George Kennan, head of the US State Department planning staff until 1950, and his comments on US relations with Far East:

we have about 50% of the world’s wealth, but only 6.3% of its population.…In this situation, we cannot fail to be the object of envy and resentment. Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity.…To do so, we will have to dispense with all sentimentality and day-dreaming; and our attention will have to be concentrated everywhere on our immediate national objectives.…We should cease to talk about vague and… unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living standards, and democratization. The day is not far off when we are going to have to deal in straight power concepts. The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better.

… We should recognize that our influence in the Far Eastern area in the coming period is going to be primarily military and economic. We should make a careful study to see what parts of the Pacific and Far Eastern world are absolutely vital to our security, and we should concentrate our policy on seeing to it that those areas remain in hands which we can control or rely on.

George Kennan, U.S. State Department Policy Planning, Study #23, February 24, 1948. (See also Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1976 for the full text where this was first published; The text to the part on realism of US relations in the Far East; David McGowan, Derailing Democracy, (Common Courage Press, 2000), p.169; Noam Chomsky, What Uncle Sam Really Wants, (Odian Press, 1993), Chapter 2.

While it is recognized that strong institutions, a functioning and non-corrupt democracy, an impartial media, equitable distribution of land and a well structured judicial system (and other such factors), etc. all help in realizing a successful nation and society, a lack of any of these things can lead to a marginalization of a sector of people. Often, it can be a very large sector.

For example, those likely to lose out in such an equalizing effect are the rich, elite power holders.

As a result of their ability to own and/or influence one of these above-mentioned things, they affect the lives of millions. This is a pattern seen throughout history. Take for example the medieval days of Europe where the wealthy of the time controlled land via a feudal ruling system and hence impoverished the common people intentionally.

  • The rulers (Kings etc), would proclaim their Divine Right to rule over their subjects.
  • They had an army of Lords and Bishops to advise on policies that benefited these groups (religion was used—and still is—to control and influence people, while Lords and Knights were an extension to the ruling family that would carry out the wishes.)
  • They would heavily tax the people of their land.
  • Not allowing the peasants to own the land upon which they lived meant that they would be stuck in poverty and dependency.
  • When the elite could no longer tax the poor, they started to tax the wealthy nobility.
    • It was only at that point did the revolutions such as the French Revolution take hold (because now the nobility had their wealth affected and were able to influence the peasants to fight for their cause.)
    • While this helped bring more rights, once the people won, there were concessions made that allowed the elite to retain their power, but to share it a bit more.

Trading superiority was maintained by raiding and plundering areas deemed as a threat. Summarizing from the works of the Institute for Economic Democracy:

  • The old European city states, which were centers of wealth, would control their countryside as the source of their resources and production, and hence, the source of their wealth. If the countryside became more efficient and produced better, or threatened to trade with other neighboring cities, this would be seen as a threat to the wealth, power and influence of the city. These peripheries would therefore be raided and their means of production would be destroyed.
  • The cities would fight over each other for similar reasons.
  • For continual support, those rulers would proclaim various reasons to their people, of maintaining security and so on (not unlike what we hear today about national security). Even some laws were established that basically allow these practices.
  • A strong military was therefore necessary (just as it is today) to ensure those trade advantages were unfairly maintained.
  • Those European city states evolved into nation states and imperial powers, and the countryside expanded to include today’s third world, which was much of the rest of the world. The effects of colonialism and imperialism are still felt today.

The discovery of the Americas, expansion of trade routes etc brought much wealth to these centers of empire which helped fuel the industrial revolution, which required even more resources and wealth to be appropriated, to continue this growth. Mass luxury consumption in Europe expanded as well as a result of the increased production from the industrial revolution.

But this had a further negative impact on the colonized nations, the country side, or the resource-providers. For example, to keep profits up and costs down, they used slavery where they could, sometimes transferring people across continents, introducing others when indigenous populations had either been wiped out, decimated, or proved too resistant in some way.

Europeans also carved out artificial borders to reflect their territorial acquisitions, sometimes bringing different groups of people into the same borders that had never been forced to live together in such short times. (Some poorer countries today still suffer the effects of this.)

As with the previous wars throughout Europe’s rise, World War I and II were also battles amongst the various European empires who struggled over each other to control more of the world’s resources and who would decide the rules of unequal trade.

Except for religious conflicts and the petty wars of feudal lords, wars are primarily fought over resources and trade. President Woodrow Wilson recognized that this was the cause of World War I: Is there any man, is there any woman, let me say any child here that does not know that the seed of war in the modern world is industrial and commercial rivalry?

J.W. Smith, Economic Democracy: The Political Struggle for the Twenty-First Century, (M.E. Sharpe, 2000, 1st Edition), p.58

Plundering the countryside to maintain dominance and control of the wealth-producing process has been an age-old process.

These mercantilist processes continue today. Those policies of plunder by raid have continued, but include a more sophisticated plunder by trade:

The powerful and cunning had learned to plunder by trade centuries ago and societies ever since have been caught in the trap of those unequal trades. Once unequal trades were in place, restructuring to equal trade would mean the severing of arteries of commerce which provide the higher standard of living for the dominant society and collapse of those living standards would almost certainly trigger open revolt. The world is trapped in that pattern of unequal trades yet today.

J. W. Smith, Economic Democracy: The Political Struggle for the Twenty-First Century, (1st Books, 2002, 2nd Edition), Chapter 2

The geopolitical events of the post World War II era have been crucial for their impacts on poverty and most other issues. J.W. Smith summarizes this:

Virtually the entire colonial world was breaking free, its resources would be turned to the care of its own people, and those resources could no longer be siphoned to the old imperial-centers-of-capital for a fraction of their value.

… If India and the rest of the world’s former colonies continued to take the rhetoric of democracy seriously and form the nonaligned bloc as they were planning, over 80 percent of the world’s population would be independent or on the other side of the ideological battle. And, if Japan, Germany, Italy, and France could not be held (it was far from sure they could be), that would leave only the United States, Britain, Canada, and Australia, about 10 percent of the world’s population, still under the old belief system, and even there the ideological hold would be tenuous at best. After all, if there were no countryside under the firm control of an imperial center, the entire neo-liberal/neo-mercantilist belief system will have disappeared.

What Western nations were observing, of course, was the same potential loss of the resources and markets of their countryside as the cities of Europe had experienced centuries earlier. National security and security interests, which citizens were coached (propagandized) to believe meant fear of a military attack, really meant maintaining access to the weak, impoverished world’s valuable resources. The domestic prosperity worried about was only their own and the constantly expanding trade were unequal trades maintaining the prosperity of the developed world and the impoverishment of the undeveloped world as the imperial-centers-of-capital siphoned the natural wealth of their countryside to themselves.

… Those crucial natural resources are in the Third World and developed world capital could never compete if those people had their own industrial capital and processed their own resources into consumer products. With their own industrial capital, and assuming political and economic freedom as opposed to world neo-liberal/neo-mercantilist law dictated by military power, they could demand full value for their natural resources while simultaneously underselling the current developed world on manufactured product markets. The managers-of-state had to avert that crisis. The world’s break for freedom must be contained.

J.W. Smith, The World Breaking Free Frightened the Security Councils of Every Western Nation, Economic Democracy; The Political Struggle for the 21st Century (1st Books, Second Edition, 2002), Chapter 7

While European nations are now more cooperative amongst themselves (in comparison to the horrors of World War II) and the U.S. had long taken the lead in the international arena, for the rest of the world, international trade arrangements and various economic policies still lead to the same result. Prosperity for a few has increased, as has poverty for the majority.

Today’s corporate globalization, is an example where the wealthier companies and nations are able to determine the rules, shape the international institutions and influence the communication mechanisms that disseminate information to people.

In this backdrop, how do developing nations contend with poverty?

  • During the Post World War II period, during the Cold War, poorer country governments often found that if they tried to improve the situation for their people, they could have been perceived as a threat or worse still going communist. They may have faced external pressure, external meddling in internal affairs or even military intervention by the powerful nations.
  • The powerful nations would of course claim this was necessary for something like world stability, national interest, or to save the other country from themselves, but it would often be to do with protecting their national interests, such as a secure and constant supply of cheap resources or some other reason related ultimately to maintaining influence and power.
  • Dictators and other corrupt rulers have often been placed/supported in power by the wealthier nations to help fulfill those national interests in a similar way the old rulers of Europe used the Lords and Knights to control the peripheries and direct resources to the centers of capital. (Although, now, increasingly, democracies are supported, but ones where the economic choices are so limited, that the democracy provides a similar environment that a dictatorship did, for foreign investors, but without the overt violence and oppression.)
  • This means that it is hard to break out from poverty, or to reduce dependency from the US/IMF/World Bank etc.

Structural Adjustment (SAP), as described in a previous section on this web site, is an example of that dependency. Neoliberal economic ideology has been almost blindly prescribed to poor countries to open up their economies.

The idea is that opening markets for foreign investment will also help improve exports and contribute to economic growth. Cutting back on social spending (e.g. health and education) which are seen as inefficient will also help pay back loans and debts.

But what ends up happening is the poorer nations lose their space to develop their own policies and local businesses end up competing with well-established multinationals, sometimes themselves subsidized (hinting a more mercantilist economic policy for the rich, even though free market capitalism is the claim and the prescription for others).

Hence, many back the economic neoliberal policies without realizing the background to it. It is another example that while international trade and globalization is what probably most would like to see, the reality of it is that it is not matching the rhetoric that is broadcast.

J.W. Smith has researched this in depth and the following offers a relevant summary:

The Third World remains poor because the powerful strive to dominate every choke-point of commerce. One key choke-point is political control through the co-respective support of local elites. Where loyalty is lacking, money will be spent to purchase it. If a government cannot be bought or otherwise controlled, corrupt groups will be financed and armed to overthrow that government and, in extreme cases, another country will be financed to attack and defeat it.… The pattern has been well established repeatedly throughout history and throughout the world, as noted by the well-known philosopher Bertrand Russell,

An enormous proportion of the income of nations and individuals, nowadays, is blood money: payment exacted by the threat of death. Therefore the most prudent nation is the nation which is in the best position to levy blackmail.…Modern nations are highwaymen, saying to each other your money or your life, and generally taking both.

J.W. Smith, The World’s Wasted Wealth 2, (Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), p. 134.

(To find out more about the political dimensions of the economy of the world and to see the detailed links between history (how it is both told and repeated), politics that are always at play and the effects on the economy the world over, visit the Institute for Economic Democracy web site. It provides much more in-depth research into these backgrounds and in far more detail than what I have summarized above.)

With this in mind, why would so many people not oppose such things? There are many reasons, including:

  • Most people don’t know—this is not an accident. It is in the interest of power-holders to ensure as little is questioned by outsiders as possible. Whether it be via an aristocracy or by simple distortion of information, educational systems, or whatever, different nations have had various means to handle this.

    The smart way to keep people passive and obedient is to strictly limit the spectrum of acceptable opinion, but allow very lively debate within that spectrum—even encourage the more critical and dissident views. That gives people the sense that there’s free thinking going on, while all the time the presuppositions of the system are being reinforced by the limits put on the range of the debate.

    Noam Chomsky, The Common Good, Odonian Press, 1998
  • Those that have opposed such things in the past may have been persecuted in some way. In some societies those who try to say something may just face ridicule due to the embedded belief systems which are being questioned, while in other societies, people may even face violent oppositions.
  • Some dare not entertain the thought that the work they may be doing could be at the expense and exploitation of someone else. The following summarizes this aspect quite well:

    [W]e should be familiar with the sincerity with which people will protect the economic territory that provides them their livelihood and wealth. Besides the necessity of a job or other source of income for survival, people need to feel that they are good and useful to society. Few even admit, even to themselves, that their hard work may not be fully productive. This emotional shield requires most people to say with equal sincerity that those on welfare are lazy, ignorant, and nonfunctional.

    Those above the poverty level vigorously insist that they are honest and productive and fulfill a social need. It is important to their emotional well-being that they believe this. They dare not acknowledge that their segment of the economy may have 30 to 70 percent more workers than necessary or that the displaced should have a relatively equal share of jobs and income. This would expose their redundancy and, under current social rules, undermine their moral claim to their share. Such an admission could lead to the loss of their economic niche in society. They would then have to find another territory within the economy or drop into poverty themselves.

    J.W. Smith, The World’s Wasted Wealth 2, (Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), p. 90.

J.W. Smith, quoted above, also points out (and details in his work) how we have moved from plunder by raid to plunder by trade in recent centuries. The complexities of some of today’s economics and trading systems also make it harder to address root causes of poverty:

Although in [the] early years the power brokers knew they were destroying others’ tools of production (industrial capital) in the ongoing battle for economic territory, trade has now become so complex that few of today’s powerful are aware of the waste and destruction created by the continuation of this neo-mercantilist struggle for markets. Instead, they feel that it is they who are responsible for the world’s improving standards of living and that they are defending not only their rights but everybody’s rights.

This illusion is possible because in the battle to monopolize society’s productive tools and the wealth they produce, industrial capital has become so productive that—even as capital, resources, and labor are indiscriminately consumed—living standards in the over-capitalized nations have continued to improve. And societies are so accustomed to long struggles for improved living standards that to think it could be done much faster seems irrational.

J.W. Smith, The World’s Wasted Wealth 2, (Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), p. 158.

And when considering how today’s global economic model promotes the liberalization of capital more and more, the effects of rapid flows of capital and other impacts of over-liberalization is borne largely by the poorer members of society:

A French humorist once wrote, When it’s money you’re after, look for it where it is most abundant, among the poor. Governments now do this more than ever because the poor are rooted, stationary, slow; whereas the big money is nomadic and travels at the speed of bytes. Stationary money (of local businesses, professionals, wage and salary earners) will be taxed to the limit for the simple reason that it can be got at.

Susan George, The Lugano Report, (Pluto Press, 1999), p. 186

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The World Bank and Poverty

The World Bank is a major international institution involved in poverty and development. It has the capacity to lend a lot of money and expertise to developing countries and advise on development matters.

The World Bank produces an annual report, called the World Development Report. The Bank regards this as its flagship report. Most mainstream economists use this report in some way or form, and it is one of the few reports on development that the US mainstream media reports on (because it usually shows the US, and its policies that it prescribes to the rest of the world, in a favorable light.)

The way the 2000 report was released highlighted another problem with the World Bank, and how it doesn’t like to accept criticism on the current forms of globalization and neoliberalism. For the 2000 report, Ravi Kanbur, a professor from Cornell University had been asked to lead up the report team.

Kanbur won respect from NGO circles as he tried to be inclusive and take in a wide range of views, something the Bank has been criticized for not doing (which is a problem in itself!). However, as the report was to be published, he resigned because he was unreasonably pressured by the Bank to tone down sections on globalization, which, amongst other things called for developing nations to accept market neoliberalism cautiously.

The World Bank was apparently influenced itself by the US Treasury on this—this is not new though; critics have long pointed out that the Bank is very much influenced by the US, thus affecting the chance of real progress being made on poverty issues around the world.

The following quotes collected from the Bretton Woods Project, reveal some interesting insights:

The Washington Consensus has emerged from the Asia Crisis with its faith in free markets only slightly shaken. Poverty eradication is now the menu, but the main dish is still growth and market liberalisation, with social safety nets added as a side dish, and social capital scattered over it as a relish. The overall implication of the resignation is fairly clear. The US does not want the World Bank to stray too far from its agenda of economic growth and market liberalisation. Ravi Kanbur’s draft has raised a few too many doubts about this agenda, and strayed too much towards politics.

The Nation, Bangkok, 5 July, 2000

To keep the Bank afloat Wolfensohn has to steer between two major constituencies. The first are the critics, the second is the US Treasury. You don’t need to be a World Bank economist to do the cost benefit analysis. To save the Bank, and his own reputation, it is essential that the Bank’s policies and public pronouncements do not err too far from its main shareholder and political protector, the US Treasury.

Focus on Trade, Issue Number 51, Focus on the Global South, June 2000

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Poverty in Industrialized Countries

As mentioned earlier, poverty in industrialized nations is also an important issue. While many poor in wealthy countries may not be in absolute poverty as the many poor people in developing countries, the relative poverty and high inequality in many wealthy nations creates significant issues.

The OECD report noted for example UK’s shrinking gap between rich and poor. Back in 2000, the UK was the worst place in Europe to be growing up if you were poor, as more children were likely to be born in to poverty there, compared to elsewhere in the EU.

Despite a period of boom, in April 2000, the UK National Office of Statistics found that disparities between rich and poor continued to grow in UK.

Andrew Simms, policy director of the New Economics Foundation in an article mentioned further above about inequality notes that

Crime and unhappiness stalk unequal societies. In the UK the bottom 50% of the population now owns only 1% of the wealth: in 1976 they owned 12%. Our economic system’s incentive structure, instead of trickle-down, is causing a flood-up of resources from the poor to the rich. Inequality leads to instability, the last thing the country or world needs right now.

Even the former hardline conservative head of the International Monetary Fund, Michel Camdessus, has come to the conclusion that the widening gaps between rich and poor within nations is morally outrageous, economically wasteful and potentially socially explosive.

Andrew Simms, Now for a maximum wage, The Guardian, August 6, 2003

As another example, it may be surprising for some readers to learn that the United States, although the wealthiest nation on Earth, has often had one of the widest gaps between rich and poor of any industrialized nation.

United For a Fair Economy reported that for 1998 almost 70% of the wealth was in the hand of the top 10%. In another report, they mentioned that the gap had widened in recent decades. In 1989, the United States had 66 billionaires and 31.5 million people living below the official poverty line. A decade later, the United States has 268 billionaires and 34.5 million people living below the poverty line-about $13,000 for a three-person family.

In the United States, wealth is highly concentrated in a relatively few hands. As of 2007, the top 1% of households (the upper class) owned 34.6% of all privately held wealth, and the next 19% (the managerial, professional, and small business stratum) had 50.5%, which means that just 20% of the people owned a remarkable 85%, leaving only 15% of the wealth for the bottom 80% (wage and salary workers). In terms of financial wealth (total net worth minus the value of one’s home), the top 1% of households had an even greater share: 42.7%.

Prof. G. William Domhoff, Wealth, Income, and Power, Who Rules America, University of California, Santa Cruz, last updated July 2010

As with Britain, even during the booming economy in the late 1990s and early 2000, there was an increasing gap between the rich and poor. Into 2002, fighting poverty did not appear to have been a major election campaign issue (nor was it in previous election campaigns).

Then chairman of the Federal Reserve, Allan Greenspan, revealed concerns in mid-2005 that the increasing and widening income gap might eventually threaten the stability of democratic capitalism itself in the US.

While health and education are key to any economy or nation to grow and be strong, both of these suffer issues of access, equality and pressure to cut back (including elsewhere around the world as discussed in the structural adjustment part of this site). For example,

  • As a summary of a report titled Economic Apartheid in America mentions, that the United States is the only industrialised nation that views health care as a privilege, not a basic human right.. (Unfortunately the report itself not available on the Internet, but is produced by United for a Fair Economy where you can see many extracts and similar reports.)
  • In addition, as good education is linked to a strong economy, Business Week reports (February 14, 2002) on a study that analyses OECD data from 1994 to 1998, and summarizes that the literacy of American adults ranks 10th out of 17 industrialized countries. In addition, the issue of inequality was highlighted: More troubling, the U.S. has the largest gap between highly and poorly educated adults, with immigrants and minorities making up the largest chunk of those at the bottom. While Business Week concentrates on the U.S. they also point out that Despite the mediocre U.S. ranking, it still beat out most of its major trading partners except Germany, including France, Britain, and Italy. (Japan didn’t participate [in the study].)

And it isn’t in just these two industrialized nations that these problems persist. A Guardian news report, for example, shows that certain types of poverty in various European cities can be regarded as worse than in some other parts of the world which one would not normally think would compare with Europe, such as India.

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Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff Orders Whataburger During Texas Campaign

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Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff Orders Whataburger During Texas Campaign


Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff was in Texas this week as part of the presidential campaign for Vice President and the Democratic nominee Kamala Harris, and naturally, he had Whataburger. Emhoff and former U.S. Representative and previous gubernatorial candidate Beto O’Rourke stopped by the Texas-forever fast-food chain in Austin for lunch on September 23.

Emhoff shared a social media video of his visit, where he ordered the number two combo (the double-meat Whataburger with fries and a drink) without pickles and added onion rings. He was looking forward to the spicy ketchup too and shared his fountain drink mixture: two-thirds of Diet Coke and one-third of regular Coke. (He opted to not get Dr Pepper though O’Rourke did point out the shake). He also posed for photographs with staffers and diners.

Statesman reports that they went to a location “two blocks east of Interstate 35 in Southeast Austin,” which seems to be the East Riverside restaurant on East Oltorf.

It makes sense that O’Rourke would take Emhoff to Whataburger — he’s a noted fan of the Texas-born chain restaurant, ordering cheeseburgers sans tomatoes.





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